HEALTH_W2_MODELS OF BEHAVIOUR

What are the FIVE FUNCTIONS of theory in health psychology?

Explanation, prediction, intervention design, evaluation and cumulative

What are the THREE CAUTIONS about using theory?

Theory is not a universal explanation, does not replace empirical data, and does not guarantee intervention success

What is the INTENTION-BEHAVIOUR GAP?

The failure to translate health intentions into actual behavior

Who developed SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (SCT) and what are its FIVE CONSTRUCT?

Bandura (1977, 1986). Self-efficacy, observational learning, reciprocal determinism, self-regulation and outcome expectations

Who developed the HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM), what is the PATHW?

Rosenstock (1974). (Cue to action) Perceived susceptibility & Perceived severity → Perceived Threat → (Self-Efficacy) Perceived Benefits & Perceived Barriers → Likelihood of Behaviour

Who developed the PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY (PMT), what are TWO APPRAISAL?

Threat appraisal (Perceived severity + Perceived Vulnerability)
Coping appraisal (Response efficacy + Self-efficacy)

What is the PATHWAY of PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY (PMT)?

Threat appraisal (Perceived severity + Perceived vulnerability - Rewards of the unhealthy behavior) + Coping appraisal (Response efficacy + Self-efficacy - Response cost) → Protection motivation → Motivation

Who developed the THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (TPB), what are its THREE PREDICTORS OF INTENTION? Explain each

Ajzen (1991). Attitude (Evaluation of the behavior), Subjective norm (Perceived social pressure), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

What is the PATHWAY of THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR?

Attitude + Subjective norm + Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) → Intention → Behavior; or

Direct path: Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) → Behavior (Related to control beliefs)

Who developed the TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL (TTM), what are its FIVE STAGES OF CHANGE?

Prochaska & DiClemente (1983). Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance

How do the FIVE FUNCTIONS OF THEORY contribute to understanding and changing health behavior?

1. Explanation identifies why people behave as they do

2. Prediction identifies behavioral determinants (factors)

3. Intervention design identifies targets for change

4. Evaluation measures effectiveness

5. Cumulative knowledge builds and refines theories

How do the FIVE CONSTRUCTS of SCT’s theory?

1. Self-efficacy: belief in one’s ability

2. Observational learning: watching others

3. Reciprocal determinism: interaction among personal factors, behavior and environment

4. Self-regulation: actively managing behavior (goal-setting, self-monitoring, self-reward)

5. Outcome expectations: anticipated consequences

What are STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of SCT?

Strengths: Explains observational learning, self-efficacy and environmental influences

Limitations: Broad and complex; overlapping constructs can be difficult to measure.

What is the Health Belief Model (HBM) used for?

The fact that a service is beneficial in reality does not mean that an individual perceives that benefit or feels a need to use the service

What are main STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of HBM?

Strengths: intuitive, widely applied and identifies targetable health beliefs

Limitations: Assumes rationality, ignores emotions and habits; predicts one-off behaviors than habits

What is the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) used for?

We evaluate not only the danger of behavior, but also the benefits of an unhealthy behavior to take protection

In PMT, which TWO NEGATIVE INFLUENCES us to perform the protective behavior?

1. Rewards of unhealthy behavior (convenience, enjoyment)

2. Response to costs (time effort, side effects)

How does PMT advance HBM?

PMT adds rewards of risky behavior, costs of protections and a distinction between threat and coping appraisals

What are STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of PMT?

Strengths: rewards of risky behavior and costs of protection and a distinction between threat and coping appraisals

LImitations: cognitive-focused, limited explanation

In TPB, why can PBC influence behavior directly?

Perceived control influence action beyond intention. PBC is linked to control beliefs x perceived power

What is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) used for?

The determines whether a person forms an intention to engage in a behavior

What are STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of TPB?

Strengths: includes social norms and perceived control; predicts behavioral intention

Limitation: not fully resolves intention-behavior gap, assumes reasoned action, lacks specific change techniques

How do the 5 STAGES of TTM explain changing behavior?

1. Precontemplation: No intention to change

2. Contemplation: Considering change, weighing pros & cons

3. Preparation: Planning to change soon, taking small steps

4. Action: Actively modifying behavior

5. Maintenance: Sustaining change over time

What are relapse, processes of change of TTM?

Relapse mean returning to previous behavior and potentially cycling through stages

What are STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of TTM?

Strengths: Identifies readiness to change, support stage-matched intervention

Limitations: Evidence for discrete stages is contested (changing may be more gradual and overlapping)

How do REFLECTIVE and IMPULSIVE/ AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS differ in DUAL-PROCESS MODELS?

The Reflective System is slower, deliberate, controlled, cognitively demanding and produces intentions and plans

The Impulsive/ Automatic System is fast, effortless, cue-driven, based on association, and produces immediate behavioural impulses.

What are STRENGTHS and LIMITATIONS of Dual-Process Models?

Strengths: Explains automatic habits and impulsive behaviour beyond conscious intentions.

Limitations: Less specific in predicting behavior; limited intervention guidance

What is the PATHWAY of HEALTH ACTION PROCESS APPROACH (HAPA)?

Motivational phase → Intention → Volitional phase → Action

What is the HEALTH ACTION PROCESS APPROACH (HAPA) used for?

Explains how people form intentions and then translate them into actions.

What are the THREE COMPONENTS of MOTIVATIONAL PHASE construct in HAPA model?

What are the THREE COMPONENTS of VOLIDATIONAL PHASE construct in HAPA model?

Why can a strong health intention fail to produce behavior, and how do different models explain this gap?

Intention does not guarantee action.

SCT focuses on self-efficacy

HBM on beliefs and barriers

PMT on threat and coping

TPB on attitude, norms, and control

TTM on readiness

Dual-Process on automatic habits

HAPA on planning

COM-B on capability, opportunity and motivation

What is the PATHWAY of COM-B model?

Capability + Opportunity + Motivation → Behavior

What is the subtypes and explanations of 3 groups in COM-B Model?

Capability: psychologcial & physical (knowledge, skills, and physical/mental ability to perform the behavior)