3.1.1.1 The water and carbon cycle as natural systems

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Last updated 6:29 PM on 10/16/26
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12 Terms

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System definition

= A set of interrelated components working together towards some kind of process

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Flow/transfer definition

= When matter or energy moves from one store to another

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Input definition

= When matter or energy is added to the system

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Output definition

= When matter or energy leaves the system

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Store/component definition

= Where energy or matter builds up/stays

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Matter definition

= Any physical substance involved in a system

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Open systems

  • Energy and matter can be transferred into the surrounding environment.

  • They are inputs and outputs of both energy and matter.

  • E.g. water cycle energy from the sun enters and leaves the system, water is an input (precipitation) and an output (river discharge into the sea).


<ul><li><p>Energy and matter can be transferred into the surrounding environment.</p></li><li><p>They are inputs and outputs of both energy and matter.</p></li><li><p>E.g. water cycle energy from the sun enters and leaves the system, water is an input (precipitation) and an output (river discharge into the sea).</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Closed system

  • Energy is transferred into and beyond the system, matter is not.

  • Matter can only be cycled between stores.

  • Energy does not have inputs and outputs from the system.

  • E.g. carbon cycle as energy is an input e.g. from the sun by photosynthesis and output by respiration, but the amount of carbon on the earth stays the same as there are no inputs or outputs of matter.


<ul><li><p>Energy is transferred into and beyond the system, matter is not.</p></li><li><p>Matter can only be cycled between stores.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Energy does not have inputs and outputs from the system.</p></li><li><p>E.g. carbon cycle as energy is an input e.g. from the sun by photosynthesis and output by respiration, but the amount of carbon on the earth stays the same as there are no inputs or outputs of matter.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Isolated system

  • Has no interaction with anything outside the system boundary e.g. lab experiment.

  • Not found in nature.


<ul><li><p>Has no interaction with anything outside the system boundary e.g. lab experiment.</p></li><li><p>Not found in nature.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Dynamic equilibrium

= Inputs and outputs are in balance

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Positive feedback

Effects of an action are amplified by subsequent knock on effects.

Aka: the system gets further away from its previous state/increases the effects of the change.

The increase leads to a further increase.

E.g. climate change

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Negative feedback

The effects of an action are nullified/contradicted by its subsequent knock on effects.

Aka: Change returns to/gets closer to its previous state/ decreases the effects of the change.

The increase leads to a decrease.

E.g. the carbon cycle