Transformations in Europe and Eurasian Land Empires

What time periods did the Renaissance occur in?

1300s-1600s

What did the Renaissance emphasize?

Ancient greek and roman knowledge, art, literature, education

what time periods did the Scientific Revolution occur in?

1500s-1600s

What did Europeans start to do in the Scientific Revolution?

Started using observation, mathematics, logic, and reason to understand their surroundings

What are natural laws and why were they important

They are rules that explain how the natural world work. It is important because people stopped relying on religion or tradition and more on observations.

Who proposed the heliocentric model and who supported it

Copernicus proposed, Galileo supported

Who discovered that planets traveled in elliptical orbits

Kepler

Who developed the law of universal gravitation

Newton

Difference between Scientific Revolution and the Englightenment?

Scientific focused on the natural world while the enlightenment focused on the organization of society

Why was the enlightenment important

People began to question authority

What is a social contract (enlightenment)

An agreement between people and government

How were Thomas Hobbes’ and John Locke’s social contracts different.

Hobbes believed that people were selfish and that a strong government was needed with a sovereign ruler (pessimist) while Locke believed in the natural rights of life, liberty, and property and the people could overthrow governments that didin’t protect those rights (optimist)

Who developed the idea of popular government (direct democracy from interests of the people)

Rousseau

Who believed that monarchy was the best form of government with an enlightened despot

Voltaire

Enlightened depotism

A monarch who had power but used enlightenment ideas to improve society

Who believed that power should be divided in three branches

Montesquieu

Branches of government

executive, judicial, legislative

Who argued that women were entitled to the same rights as men

Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment time period

1685-1815

Why was Pope X citicized

he used indulgences to pay for construction projects and allowed for simony (ongoing practice)

What is simony

Buying or selling positions or privileges within the Church

What are indulgences

A reduction of punishments (sin) through purchase

What did Martin Luther argue and how

salvation comes from faith, not indulgences or good works. Said through his 95 theses

Who developed protestantism

Martin Luther

How did the Catholic Church respond to the protestant reformation?

With a counter-reformation (trying to restore influence)

What was the council or trent

A meeting of catholic leaders that defined the catholic doctrine and initiated the counter reformation

What was the Inquisition

Religious institution used to investigate and punish people accused of heresy

What was the society of Jesus (jesuits)

Missionaries that established schools and spread Catholicism

What was the peace of Augsburg (1555)

Agreement with HRE to end religious conflict betwen Catholic and Lutheran princes based on

What did the peace of augsburg show

religious divisions in europe becoming permanent

What started the thirty years war

The second defenestration of Prauge (protestants threw catholics out a window)

France was Catholic but supported Protestant powers in the thirty years war, why?

Concerns about too much power given to the Habsburgs

Who fought in the thirty years war?

Catholic habsburgs protestant german princes

who were allies in the thirty years war

Spain: supported habsburgs, France: Against Habsburgs, Denmark and Sweden: supported protestantism

Who was ferdinand II

Strong Catholic habsburg ruler and triggered thirty uears war

End result of thrity years war

Peace of westphalia, new german states, France gained autonomy (Alsace and Lorraine)

Why did Henry VII pass the Act of Supremacy

He wanted to annul his marriage but was refused by the pope, so he declared himself the head of the church.

1534 Treasons Act

Made it treasonous to deny the king’s supremacy over the church of england

What did Charles I believe in

Divine Right of Kings

What did the parliament present Charles I with

The Petition of Right

What did the petition of right argue

That the king was not above law and had to work with parliament

What was the scottish rebellion

Charles I needed money to fight the Scots but parliament refused

What were the two sides of the English Civil War

Royalists (supported Charles I) and Parliamentarians (supported parliament)

Who led the parliamentarians and became teh political leader of England

Oliver Cromwell

When did Charles I get executed

1649

What was the restoration

When the monarchy was restored after Oliver Cromwell

What was the Glorious Revolution

When James II fled and william & mary became joint monarchs

Parliament passed ___ in 1689 that limited royal authority

Bill of Rights

England became a constitutional monarchy. What is this? (CONNECTED TO JOHN LOCKE ENLIGHTENMENT)

When a monarch is limited by laws and/or a constitution.

T or F: Spain transformed during the 15-1600s

False

What did Phillip II of Spain try to do

Catholicize England

Why did the war of spanish succession happen

Because Charles II had no heir, and the closest heir was Phillip of Anjou, who was part of the French royal family.

How did the war of spanish succession threaten the balance of power

If france and spain united under one monarch, they would be too powerful

How did Ivan III unify Russia

By unifying boyars (nobles) under authority, ending tribute to mongols, and expanding moscow’s territory

What was the third rome

Moscow

What did Ivan IV (Terrible) do during his reign

Expanded Russian territory from Muslim lands and killed his heir—→Instability & famine

What happened after there were no more successors to the throne?

Many people posed as fake dimitris to gain power

After the Time of Troubles, who established the Romanov dynasty?

Mikhail Romanov

Who legalized hereditary serfdom in Russia

Alexis I

Since a large portion of the population was tied to land, what did this result in?

No middle class

Why was the time Russia adopted serfdom unique?

England had just moved on from it

What did Peter the Great try to do to Russia

Westernize it by adopting European technology, military, education, etc.

T or F: Russia became one of the biggest producers of grain

True

Why did Peter the Great fight the Ottomans for Azov?

Because Russia was landlocked and he wanted port-based trade and influence

What were Peter the Great’s goals for his Grand Embassy Tour?

Finding allies against Ottomans, foreign experts, new ways to modernize Russia

Why did Russia fight Sweden in the Great Northern War?

Access to the Baltic Sea and new capital founded closer to Europe.

what did peter the great to do patriarchs

He abolished them and replaced it with the Holy Synod which centralized his power

What kind of government did the Ottomans have

Caesaropapist meritocracy

Who founded the Ottoman dynasty

Osman I

How did Osman I create the Ottoman empire

Ghazi warriors and unification of anatolian tribes

Ghazi warriors

did not use firearms and did not attack other muslims

How did the Ottoman Empire develop a loyal professional military

devshirme and janissaries

Janissaries

Infantry soldiers recruited through the devshirme system and were directly dependent on the ruler

Devshirme

Recruitment system of Christian boys that converted to Islam and were educated and trained for military/govt.

What did Mehmed II do

Conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantium

What did Suleiman the Magnificent do

Conquered the balkans (christians for devshirme) and tried to siege Vienna but failed

What was the Millet system in the Ottoman Empire

A religious community

what did the millet system allow for

The ottomans to govern a large empire with many religions

What was a dhimmi in the Ottoman empire

A non-muslim person under muslim rule

What did Selim I do

Expanded the Ottoman Empire by defeating the Safavids and Mamluks

What was happening between ghazi warriors and janissaries

Ghazi losing influence and janissaries becoming powerful

How did the Ottoman Empire fund the janissaries

Through tax farming where a tax farmer was given the right to collect tax from an area

What was the problem with tax farming

Tax farmers had an incentive to collect as much as possible

What happened as Janissaries were granted more rights

Stopped serving the military and could hire mercenaries to fight for them

Patrona Halil Rebellion

Forced Sultan Ahmed to step down

Why would the Ottomans capitulate to European trade

Attract merchants and international trade

What caused inflation in the Ottoman empire

Spanish silver that circulated in trade

Daimyo

Powerful landowner

T or F: The Emperor was not divine in Japan

False

How was power becoming decentralized in Japan

Increased power of bushi (warriors)

shogunate

government led by the sogun

What led to dissatisfaction within the Kamakura shogunate

No reward for samurai services

What were the similarities and differences between European feudalism and Japanese feudalism

Both had powerful land owners, born into claesses, and land as a soruce of wealth. European feudaliism centered around the church, samurai were paid through stipends, different codes of conduct

What challenged feudalism in Japan

Trade

What did Tokugawa Ieyasu do

Move capital to Tokyo and established inner vs outer daimyo

Why did the shogun create the alternate residence sytem

Made it harder to organize a rebellion and limiting diamyo resources

How did trade and economic development challenge the feudal system

merchants could become wealthy but have lower social status

Who soread catholicism in japan

Francis Xavier

Why did the tokugawa see christianity as a threat

Encouraged loyalty to religious authority outside of japan (pope)

Why were the ducth the only europeans to trade with japan

they were protestant