Health Promotion Test Two

Measurement

Collecting information about people, things, or events using numbers or words.

Quantitative data

Information shown using numbers.

Qualitative data

Information described using words.

Triangulation

Using both numbers and words to collect information.

Why is measurement important?

It helps us plan programs, see if they work, and understand the results.

Nominal measurement

Putting things into categories with no ranking, like blood type.

Ordinal measurement

Putting things into categories that can be ranked, like poor, fair, and good.

Interval measurement

Numbers with equal spaces between them but no true zero, like temperature in Celsius.

Ratio measurement

Numbers with equal spaces between them and a true zero, like weight or height.

Parametric statistics

Statistical methods used with interval and ratio data.

Non-parametric statistics

Statistical methods used with nominal and ordinal data.

Variable

Something you want to measure or study.

Measurement instrument

A tool used to collect information.

Questionnaire

A set of questions used to collect information.

Item

One question on a survey or questionnaire.

Scale

A group of questions that measure the same thing.

What can health programs measure?

Age, knowledge, awareness, attitudes, skills, behaviors, health, and quality of life.

Skill

Being able to do something.

Psychometric qualities

Features that show whether a measurement tool is good and trustworthy.

Reliability

A tool gives consistent results when used appropriately.

Validity

A tool measures what it is supposed to measure.

Bias

An error that makes results unfair or inaccurate.

Sensitivity

How well a test identifies people who actually have a disease or problem.

Specificity

How well a test identifies people who do not have a disease or problem.

False positive

A test says someone has a disease when they do not.

False negative

A test says someone does not have a disease when they actually do.

How do you find a good measurement tool?

Look for existing tools, check whether they fit your needs, review their quality, and get permission to use them.

Why should creating a new tool be a last resort?

It takes time, money, and effort, and it may not work well.

What makes a good survey question?

It is clear, easy to understand, and has answer choices that fit the question.

Mutually exclusive answers

Answer choices do not overlap.

Exhaustive answers

Answer choices cover all possible responses.

What should be on a survey cover page?

The title, sponsor, purpose, confidentiality information, instructions, and return information.

How should a survey look?

It should have white space, bold questions, organized answer choices, checkboxes, and related questions grouped together.

Census

Collecting information from everyone in the target population.

Sample

Studying a smaller group that represents the larger population.

Sampling unit

The person or thing that can be selected for the study.

Sampling bias

Choosing a group that does not fairly represent the population.

How can sampling bias be reduced?

Choose a sample that represents the population as accurately as possible.

Probability sampling

Selecting participants randomly so they have a chance of being chosen.

Simple random sampling

Choosing participants completely at random.

Systematic sampling

Choosing every certain number of people, such as every 10th person.

Stratified sampling

Dividing people into groups and selecting participants from each group.

Cluster sampling

Randomly selecting entire groups or locations where people are found.

Nonprobability sampling

Choosing participants without random selection.

Convenience sampling

Choosing people who are easiest to reach.

Homogeneous sampling

Choosing people who share similar characteristics.

Snowball sampling

Current participants help find other people who qualify for the study.

Quota sampling

Recruiting people until a set number from certain groups is reached.

Maximum variation sampling

Choosing people with a wide variety of characteristics or experiences.

Sample size

The number of people needed for a study to detect a real difference.

What affects sample size?

How precise the results need to be and how common the condition or characteristic is.

Preliminary review

Experts or coworkers look over a survey before it is used.

Cognitive pretesting

People answer questions and explain what they are thinking as they answer.

Pilot test

A group similar to the intended participants tries the survey to see how well it works.

Voluntary participation

People choose freely whether to participate, without pressure.

Privacy and confidentiality

Keeping people's personal information protected.

Appropriate data analysis

Analyzing information honestly and accurately.

Reporting results

Sharing findings without unnecessarily identifying individual participants.

HIPAA

Law that helps protect people's health information.

Why are mission statements, goals, and objectives important?

They give a health program direction and help determine whether it works.

What happens if a program has no mission, goals, or objectives?

It may lack direction and be difficult to evaluate.

Mission statement

A short explanation of why a program exists and what it does.

Vision statement

Where a program hopes to be in 3–5 years.

Program goal

A broad statement describing what a program hopes to accomplish over time.

How should a goal be written?

It should be simple, clear, and easy to understand.

What three things should a goal include?

What will change, who will change, and where the change will happen.

Common verbs used in goals

Improve, reduce, promote, evaluate, and increase.

Objective

A specific result or change a program wants to achieve.

What does an objective explain?

What will change, who will change, and when the change should happen.

What can objectives measure?

Changes in knowledge, awareness, attitudes, behaviors, or the environment.

Learning objective

A goal for what people will learn or know.

Behavioral objective

A goal for what people will do differently.

Environmental objective

A goal for changing surroundings to make healthy choices easier.

How do objectives help a program?

They identify the steps needed to reach the program's larger goal.

Program activities

The daily tasks or actions that help reach an objective.

What should you consider when setting objectives?

How long the program lasts and what time, money, and resources are available.

How long are many short-term health program objectives designed to take?

Within one year.

SMART objectives

Objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-sensitive.

Specific

Clearly states what will change and who will change.

Measurable

Explains how you will tell whether a change happened.

Attainable

Can realistically be achieved with the available time and resources.

Realistic

Is possible and likely to happen.

Time-sensitive

States when the change should happen.

What five questions should an objective answer?

Who, what, when, where, and how much?

Priority population

The specific group the program is trying to help.

Outcome

The result or change the program wants.

Place

Where the change should happen.

Timeframe

When the change should happen.

Target

How much change is expected.

Baseline

Where things stand before the program begins.

Mission vs. vision

A mission explains why the program exists; a vision describes where it hopes to be in 3–5 years.

Goal vs. objective

A goal is broad; an objective is specific and explains how much change is expected and when.

Objective vs. activity

An objective is the result you want; an activity is something you do to reach it.

Example of a mission statement

Help college students improve their health through education and wellness programs.

Example of a program goal

Increase physical activity among college students at a university.

Example of a SMART objective

By the end of 12 weeks, 70% of participating college students will increase their weekly walking by 60 minutes, measured using activity logs.

What is missing if an objective says only that students will walk more in 12 weeks?

It needs a specific amount of change and a way to measure that change.