Gentics chapter 1

Gene Expression

differation

cells

basic unit of life and comprise the human body

Inherited traits, quirk, and illnesses arise from the activites of ____

cells

four basic tissue types are

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Connective

a variety of cell types and sorrrounding materials that protect, support, bind to cells and fill spaces throughout the body including cartilage, bone, blood, and fat.

Extracellular tissues give ____ its characteristics

Connective

Epithilium

Tight cells that form linings that protect, secret, absorb, and excrete

What gives Epithilium it’s characteristics.

Arrangement of cells.

Muscle

cells that contract providing movement against rigid bones.

Smooth Muscle

dilate your eyes and moves your gi tract.

Cardiac Muscle

moves your heart

What gives cardiac musscle its characterstics

specialized proteins and cellular structures.

Nervous

Neurons transmit info as electrochemical impulses that coordinate movement and sense and respond to enviromental stimuli neuroglia supports and nourish neurons.

What gives nervous tissue its characteristics

Neurons and glia

Gametes

sex cells

Somatic cells

Body cells

Germ cells

sperm and egg cells

Somatic cells are diploid or haploid

Diploid

Diploid

2n contains two complete sets of chromosomes.

Haploid

N, contains one set of complete chromosomes.

Have one copy of genome (Germ Cells) and are a haploid which is

Gamete

What returns gametes to their diploid state?

meeting of sperm and egg

Self Renewal

stem cells are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells and to other stem cells.

Autosomes

Non Sex Chromosomes

Humans have how many diploid cell?

46

Humans have how many haploid cells

23

Prokaryote

Unicellular cells that have no nucleus or internal membranes.

Eukaroytes

multicellular cells has a nucleus and internal membrane

Three basic types of cells that define three major domains of life are

Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Archea and Bacteria

-unicellular prokaryotes.

-No nucleus to contain DNA

Eukarya

-includes both unicellular and mutlicellular eukaroytes

-Has a nucleus

-Other organelles.

Cells of all three domains contain

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes are composed of two main moelcules

a specific type of RNA and proteins

Unicellular

one cell it’s entire organism

Multicellular

many cells

Eurkaryotes may have arisen from an ancient fusion of

bacterium with an archaer

The major marcomolecules that make up cells

Carbohydrates (sugar and starches), lipids (fats and oils), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates

provide energy and contribute to cell structure

Cardbohydrates building blocks are

monosaccharides

Lipid

form the basis of some hormones, form membranes, provide insulation, and store energy

starch

plant storage carbohydrate

Fiber

complex carb provides structural support, humans can’t digestive several types and help cleans digestive tract

Fats

long term energy storage

Glycogen

short term energy storage muscle and liver store glycogen in the human body.

Polysaccharides

are amount of monosacharides linked together

Examples of Polysaccharides

starch and glycogen

Lipids consists of

fats, waxes, oils, cholestrol and hydrophobic substances

Hydrophilic

attracted to water

Hydrophobic

Not attracted to water

Protein’s building blocks

Amino Acids

Proteins

have many diverse functions such as forming contractile fibers of muscle cells, enabling blood to clot, and forming bulk of connective tissue

Enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Store Genetic Information

DNA

molecules of inheritiance all cell use DNA as their genetic information

RNA

involves in gene expression

Nucleic acids building blocks

building blocks of nucleotides

Proteins do

enzymes, transport structures, cell identity, and communication

animal cell sorrounded by

plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane

outside of the animal cell

Intracellular organelles

something inside the cell

Animal cell contains intracellular organelles such as

cytoplasm

stored proteins, carbs, and lipids.

pigment molecules

other small chemicals

Organelles

divide labor by partitioning certain areas or serving specific functions.

Keep related biochemicals and structures close to one another to interact efficiently.

Nucleus

most prominent organelle, stores DNA

Nuclear Enevelope

a layer that sorrounds the nucleus

Nucleus contains

Nuclear pores, Nuclear Lamina, Nucleolus,

Other contents: Chromosomes, RNA, and Cytoplasm

Nuclear pores

allow movement of biochemicals

Nuclear lamina

provides mechanical support and holds nuclear pores in place

Nucleolus

produce ribosomes.

Endoplasmic Recticulum

Interconnected Tubules and Sacs

Rough Er

contains ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

does not contain ribosomes is important in lipid synthesis

-also serves as a storage unit.

Vescicles

Proteins exit the ER in membrane bound sac like organelles

Er winds from

Nuclear Envelope to plasma membrane

Golgi Apparatus

stack of interconnected flat membrane enclosed sacs.

-Processing center that add sugar forming glycoproteins and glycolipids.

-Products are released into vescicles bud off to the plasma membrane

Exosomes

Membrane bound tiny bubbles released by all cells.

Transport thousands of proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA, and smaller Molecules.

Exosomes functions

removes debris, degrades wastes, transports immune system molecules, and provide cellular communication network

Faulty Exomes

cause disease and disorders

Lysomes

membrane bound packages that have digestive enzymes

Lysomes function

Dismantle bacterial remnants, worn out organelles, excess cholesterol, and engage in autophagy.

Autophagy

breaking down your own cells

Endosomes

are vesicles derived from plasma membrane that ferry materials to the lysosomes.

Hydrolytic

breaking down larger molecules through the addition of water

Cells that need lysosomes

Macro phage requires many to digest bacteria.

Liver cells require to break down cholesterol, toxins, and drugs.

Absence of malfunction of enzyme (lysome) eauses

Lysomal Storage Disease

Tay Such

is an inherited disorder causes nervous system become buried in lipid causing death within 3 years of age.

Perixsomes

sac with outer membranes studded with several types of enzymes

Peroxisomes abundant in

liver and kidney cells

By products Peroxisomes

hydrogen perixiode

Adrenleukodytrophy

an example of a genetic disease caused by an absent of peroxisomal enzyme

Mitochondria

Provides energy by breaking down chemical bonds that hold nutrient molecules in food

Provide majority of the cell’s ATP.

Mitochondria contains own

DNA(MTDNA)- Which is inherited from the mom.

Ribosomes

Inner Membrane

One out of two membranes Sorrounds the Mitochondria.

Forms the fold called Cristae.

Electric transport chain is embedded.

Cristae

Hold enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Being folded increases surface tension of the membrane.

Nucleus DNA

inherited by Mom and Dad

Biological Membrane

composed of a double (bilayer) of molecules called phospholipids

Phosopholipids contain

Phosphate: Hydrophilic

2 Fatty Acid Chains: Hydrophobic

-Proteins embedded

-Contains Carb molecules on exeternal surface

Channelopathies

diseases that stem from faulty ion channels

Channelopathies example

Cystic Fibrosis.

Cholesterol in biological membrane

keeps fluidity just right ensure membrane is not too fluid and not too solid