4. Carbs and Nucleic Acid (DNA)

What are the 2 functions of Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for the body and play a critical role in the structural integrity of cells and tissues.

What Elements do Carbohydrate Molecules Contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Monosaccharides

are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose that provide quick energy.

What are the Monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What is the Formula for the Monosaccharides?

C₆H₁₂O₆

What are the Disaccharides?

Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose

What is the Formula for the disaccharides?

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharide units connected by a glycosidic bond.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharide units, linked by glycosidic bonds.

What are the Polysaccharides?

Startch, Cellulose, Glycogen and Chitin

What is the Formula for the Polysaccharides?

C∞H∞O∞

Glucose

A simple sugar that is a primary energy source for cells, often classified as a monosaccharide.

Fructose

A simple sugar found in many plants, often used as a sweetener and also classified as a monosaccharide.

Galactose

A simple sugar that, along with glucose and fructose, is one of the three most important dietary monosaccharides. It is found in milk and dairy products.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules, commonly found in malted foods and beverages.

Sucrose

A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose, commonly known as table sugar, and found in many plants.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose, primarily found in milk and dairy products.

Starch

A polysaccharide made up of numerous glucose units, serving as a major energy storage form in plants.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide consisting of linear chains of glucose units, providing structural support in the cell walls of plants.

Chitin

A polysaccharide made of N-acetylglucosamine units, forming a key structural component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide composed of numerous glucose units, primarily serving as an energy storage form in animals.

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA, differentiating it from ribose by lacking one oxygen atom.

What is the forumula for Deoxyribose?

C5H10O4

Isomer

A compound with the same molecular formula as another but with a different structural arrangement of atoms.

Monomer units of carbohydrates

are the simple sugars, known as monosaccharides, that combine to form larger carbohydrate molecules.

Hydrolisis

A chemical process that involves the breaking down of a compound by the addition of water, often resulting in the cleavage of bonds.

Dehydration Synthesis

the process of joining two molecules together with the removal of water.

Nucleotide

are the monomer units of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

A Nucleotide consists of?

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Function of DNA

stores genetic information and guides protein synthesis.

DNA

stores genetic information in organisms.

Double Helix

is the structure of DNA, consisting of two strands twisted around each other, forming a spiral shape.

What does DNA being Anti-Parallel mean?

It refers to the orientation of the two strands of DNA, where one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction and the other runs in the opposite 3' to 5' direction.

Bonds on the outside spiral of DNA are?

Strong covalent bonds

Bonds between base pairs are?

Weak hydrogen bonds that connect complementary bases, providing stability to the DNA structure.

Phosphate Group

A component of nucleotides in DNA, consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. It forms the backbone of DNA by linking sugars through phosphodiester bonds.

Nitrogen Bases

The organic molecules that pair up in DNA, specifically adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, which store genetic information.

Sugars in DNA

The five-carbon sugars (pentoses) that make up part of each nucleotide in DNA, specifically deoxyribose, which differs from ribose by lacking one oxygen atom.

Pyrimidines and which are they?

A class of nitrogenous bases in DNA, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil, characterized by a single ring structure.

Purines and which are they?

A class of nitrogenous bases in DNA, including adenine and guanine, characterized by a double-ring structure.

Adenine matches with?

Thymine in DNA pairing.

Thymine matches with?

Adenine in DNA pairing.

Guanine matches with?

Cytosine in DNA pairing.

Cytosine matches with?

Guanine in DNA pairing.

Thymine and Adenine have how many bonds?

2

Cytosine and Guanine have how many bonds?

3

What are the Organic elements?

The primary organic elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, which are essential for the structure and function of biological molecules.

5’ ends

are the terminal ends of nucleic acid strands that have a phosphate group attached. They play a crucial role in DNA and RNA synthesis.

3” ends

refer to the terminal end of a nucleic acid strand that has a free hydroxyl group. This end is crucial in the directionality of DNA and RNA synthesis.