Ch 5: Muscles and Tendons

Physiatrist

Physician specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R)

Occupational Therapist (OT)

Helps patients improve activities of daily living and adapt to visual and perceptual deficits

Physical Therapist (PT)

Helps patients improve strength, range of motion, balance, and endurance

Speech Therapist

Evaluates and treats communication, speech, and swallowing disorders

Orthotist

Makes and fits orthopedic appliances

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle that provides posture and locomotion

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle that moves food through the digestive system by peristalsis

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle responsible for heart contractions

Movement

Skeletal muscles attach to bones and move them when the muscles contract

Muscle Tone

Helps maintain posture while sitting, standing, or moving

Fascia

Thick connective tissue that holds bundles of muscle together and extends to form tendons

Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Epimysium

Connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber

Muscle Fiber

Individual muscle cell

Striations

Alternating light and dark bands of protein filaments responsible for skeletal muscle contraction

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle size

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle size

Dystrophy

Wasting of muscle due to poor nourishment

Shoulder Girdle

Connects the axial skeleton to the upper limbs

Rotator Cuff

Group of four muscles that stabilize the humeral head in the shoulder socket and rotate the humerus

SITS

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis

Deltoid

Major upper-body muscle of the shoulder

Pectoralis Major

Major muscle of the chest

Latissimus Dorsi

Large muscle of the back

Biceps Brachii

Major muscle of the anterior upper arm

Brachialis

Muscle of the upper arm

Brachioradialis

Muscle of the forearm

Triceps Brachii

Major muscle of the posterior upper arm

Dorsum

Back of the hand

Thenar Eminence

Muscular region at the base of the thumb

Hypothenar Eminence

Muscular region at the base of the little finger

Hamstrings

Muscle group consisting of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris

Adductor Muscles

Muscles located on the inner thigh

Quadriceps Femoris

Muscle group consisting of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris

Gastrocnemius

Large, superficial calf muscle that bends the knee and points the foot downward

Soleus

Broad, flat calf muscle underneath the gastrocnemius

Achilles Tendon

Large tendon of the lower leg

Myopathy

Disease of skeletal muscle not caused by a nerve disorder; causes weakness and atrophy

Muscular Dystrophy

Group of disorders causing progressive muscle weakness and atrophy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

Muscular dystrophy that affects boys beginning around age 3 and causes generalized muscle weakness and atrophy

Inflammatory Myopathy

Inflammation of muscle tissue associated with redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Dermatomyositis

Inflammation of the skin and muscles

Polymyositis

Inflammation of many muscles simultaneously

Muscle Soreness

Soreness after vigorous exercise caused by microtears in muscle

Muscle Cramp

Sudden, short, painful contraction of a muscle

Muscle Strain

Stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of a muscle, tendon, or muscle-tendon combination

Ligament Sprain

Stretch or tear of a ligament

Rhabdomyolysis

Breakdown of muscle fibers from excessive load that releases myoglobin into the bloodstream

Myoglobin

Muscle protein released into the bloodstream during rhabdomyolysis

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon

Tendinosis

Degeneration of a tendon

Ganglion Cyst

Fluid-filled lump associated with a joint or tendon

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Condition involving compression of the median nerve at the wrist

Fibromyalgia

Condition affecting muscles and tendons throughout the body that causes chronic pain and fatigue

EMG

Electromyography; diagnostic procedure used to evaluate muscle activity

Nerve Conduction Study

Test used to evaluate how well electrical signals travel through nerves

Muscle Biopsy

Removal of a small muscle sample for examination

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce pain and inflammation

Orthotics

Devices used to support or correct musculoskeletal function

Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)

Field focused on improving function and addressing medical, social, emotional, and vocational needs

Rehabilitation Medicine

Focuses on function and prevention of functional loss and injury

Restorative Rehabilitation

Short-term rehabilitation focused on restoring function

Maintenance Rehabilitation

Long-term rehabilitation that strengthens and maintains function that is gradually being lost

ADLs

Activities of Daily Living; routine personal-care activities such as eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, and transferring

Assistive Devices (AD)

Devices that make ADLs easier and increase independence

Instrumental ADLs

Activities related to independent living, such as managing money, cooking, driving, shopping, and housework

BKA

Below-the-knee amputation

Prosthesis

Artificial replacement for a missing body part

Contracture

Permanent tightening or shortening of muscle or connective tissue that limits movement