Botany 440: Lecture Exam 2

Poaceae (monocot)

Poaceae Floret

Cyperaceae

What is the largest genera in Poaceae and Cyperaceae?

What are the distinguishing traits among Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae?

• Grasses (Poaceae)

  • Hollow stems with nodes, spikelets, caryopsis, widespread and ecologically dominant

• Sedges (Cyperaceae)

  • triangular stems, bracted flowers, achene, adapted to wet habitats

• Rushes (Juncaceae)

  • round stems, tepals, capsule fruits, prefer moist or waterlogged soils

What are important plants in Poaceae?

• Corn/maize (zea)

• Wheat (triticum)

• Barley (hordeum)

• Rye (secale)

• Oats (avena)

• Rice (oryza)

• Bamboo (many genera)

• Bluegrass (poa)

• Reed (phragmites)

• Sugarcane (saccharum)

What are the Asteraceae head types?

• Radiate Head

• Ligulate Head

• Discoid Head

What is the size (in number of species) of the Asteraceae family compared to other angiosperm families?

Asteraceae: Major Traits to Know

• Inflorescence:

• Flower (and its parts):

• Fruit:

What is the largest genus in the Euphorbiaceae family?

What are important plants in Euphorbiaceae?

• Poinsettia and Euphorbs (euphorbia)

• Castor Beans (ricinus)

• Cassava and Manihot (manihot)

• Rubber Tree (hevea)

Euphorbiaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Leaves (with milky sap):

• Inflorescence (cyathium):

• Floral Parts:

What are important plants in Polygonaceae?

• Rhubarb (rheum)

• Buckwheat (fagopyrum)

• Smartweed

• Persicaria (polygonum, persicaria, fallopia)

• Sorrel (rumex)

• Highly Invasive Species: Japanese Knotweed (reynoutria japonica)

Polygonaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Stems with swollen nodes

• Presence of Ocrea and Ocreoles

• Tepals present

What is the largest genus in Solanaceae?

What are important plants in Solanaceae?

• Potato/Tomato (solanum spp.)

• Chili Pepper/Sweet Pepper (capsicum)

• Angel Trumpet (brugmansia)

• Tobacco (nicotiana)

• Petunia (petunia)

• Tomatillo (physalis)

• Jimsonweed (datura)

Solanaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Leaves alternate, often lobed or compound

• Sepals: 5, fused

• Petals: 5, with varying degrees of fusion, corolla can be star-, trumpet-, funnel-shaped or tubular

• Stamens: 5, anthers often connivent, somtimes fused or free

• Epipetalous stamens

• Superior Ovary, axile placentation

What is the largest genus in Lamiaceae?

What are important plants in Lamiaceae?

• Basil

• Mint

• Sage

• Thyme

• Rosemary

• Lavendar

• Catnip

• Dead Nettle

• Coleus

Lamiaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Aromatic, with essential oils; often hairy, with glandular hairs

• Leaves opposite, simple, arranged at 90 degrees

• Stem usually quadrangular

• Flowers in groups forming verticillasters

• Corolla 2-lipped, gynobasic style

• Fruits: 4 nutlets hidden inside the calyx

What are the economically important members of Arecaceae?

• Cocos nucifera

• Elaeis spp.

Arecaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Leaf Types: pinnate, palmate, costapalmate

• Why is a coconut considered a drupe?

  • It has the three distignuishing layers - exocarp, mesocarp, and hard endocarp enclosing a seed

Orchidaceae: What are the native lady-slipper orchids discussed in lecture?

• Cypripedium Reginae (Showy Lady-Slipper)

• Cypripedium Calceolus (Yellow Lady-Slipper)

• Both have highly modified petal/pouch

What is the total number of species and size of the Orchidaceae family compared to other angiosperm families?

• Second largest angiosperm family

• ~30,000 species (divided into nearly 750 genera)

Orchidaceae: Major Traits to Know

• Perianth with labellum, column, anther cap, pollinia, viscidium, rostellum

• Orchid Flower Resupination: describe this trait

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Taxonomic Nomenclature and Database: What are the differences between Synonym, Homonym, and Basionym?

• Synonym

  • A scientific name for a taxon that is not accepted under the rules of nomenclature

  • If there are multiple names for a taxon, only one name is valid and the others are synonym

• Homonym

  • A single scientific name applied to two different taxa

  • Only one name can be legitimate; the other one must be renamed/replaced

• Basionym

  • “An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived”

Taxonomic Nomenclature and Database: What are the differences between a checklist, flora, taxonomic revision, and a monograph?

• Checklist

  • Lists accepted names and synonyms for a region or group

  • Includes authors, publication info, sometimes distribution

• Flora

  • Regional or national database

  • Include identification keys, descriptions, distribution

  • Essential for biodiversity inventories

• Taxonomic Revisions

  • Updates classifications for a specific group

  • Evaluate morphological and molecular data

  • Provide keys, synonym, distribution

• Monograph

  • Comprehensive treatment of an entire genus or larger group

  • Global scale

  • Include: species accounts, keys, maps, illustrations, phylogenies

Taxonomic Nomenclature and Database: What major floras of the U.S have we used in lab?

Taxonomic Nomenclature and Database: Global Floras and Checklists