Unit 1.1: What is Reading and Factors Affecting its Acquisition

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering reading concepts, components, stages of development, and causes of reading disabilities based on Unit 1.1 lecture notes.

Reading is a visual-auditory task that is focused on obtaining meaning from __________ [letters & words].

symbols

According to Gough & Tunmer (1986) and Hoover & Gough (1990), reading is the product of __________ and comprehension.

decoding

__________ is the bridge that connects the processes of decoding and comprehension.

Fluency

The ability to decode automatically allows a child to focus on the __________ of what is being read, rather than on decoding.

meaning

The reading component defined as noticing the sound units of speech is __________.

phonological awareness

The reading component that focuses on the sound-symbol relationship in reading and spelling is __________.

phonics

The reading component defined as recognizing words that make up language [words we know] is __________.

vocabulary

Fluency involves the rate, accuracy, and __________ in reading.

expression

In Chall, Kirk & Learner's (1978) stages of reading development, the stage spanning 0–5 years is __________.

pre-reading

According to Chall, Kirk & Learner (1978), the stage associated with Grades 1–2 is initial reading or __________.

decoding

In Chall, Kirk & Learner's stages of reading development, Grades 2–3 focus on confirmation, fluency, and __________ from print.

ungluing

In Chall, Kirk & Learner's model, the reading stage designated for Grades 4–6 is reading for __________.

learning

The stage of reading development occurring during high school (14–18 years) is __________.

multiple viewpoints

The college stage of reading development identified by Chall, Kirk & Learner (1978) is __________ & reconstruction.

construction

A reading disability is defined as a difficulty in learning to read resulting from a lack of competence in any one or more of the __________ of reading.

components

A person with a reading disability has __________ IQ, normal sensory abilities, and opportunities to receive good instruction, yet struggles to learn to read.

normal

Approximately __________ of students with learning disabilities (LD) have a reading disability.

$$80\%$$

Poor phonological awareness is a major factor causing reading disabilities because it is a necessary prerequisite for understanding the __________ relationship.

phoneme-grapheme

Introducing reading skills prematurely can cause children to fall further behind because reading is __________.

developmental

An overemphasis on phonics can result in children losing the __________ of what they are reading because they focus too much on pronouncing words.

meaning

Children with learning disabilities (dyslexia) benefit specifically from phonics instruction and instruction that is __________.

structured

When reading programmes are presented too quickly, students get inadequate time or opportunities to master phonics skills and learn __________ words.

sight

If reading material is too high, readers will become __________; if it is too low, they may lose interest.

frustrated

Children make the best reading progress when their teachers are warm, supportive, positive, and create an environment that supports a sense of __________.

belonging

The __________ is the child's first literacy environment, where home language and socio-economic factors are important to consider.

home

The emergent stage of literacy takes place from __________ to kindergarten.

birth

During the emergent stage of literacy, children recognize that print has meaning, care for books, identify a few words, and learn __________.

directionality

One of the most important things a parent can do in the early literacy environment is to read to their child __________.

every day

According to Smith (2004), 'No one ever taught reading to a child who wasn't interested in reading, and interest can't be __________.'

demanded

Among physical/medical conditions that can lead to reading problems, chronic __________ media is a recurring ear condition that affects auditory input.

otitis