World History Benchmark Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key historical concepts, individuals, revolutions, and industrial shifts for the World History Benchmark Exam.

Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations

Civilizations whose important long-term contributions are primarily found in government and law.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Three major religions that share a fundamental belief in monotheism and ethical conduct.

Enlightenment Decision-Making

The philosophical principle that government decisions should be based on laws of nature and reason.

Montesquieu

The Enlightenment thinker who proposed the idea of three branches of government and the separation of powers.

Enlightenment Statements on Rights

Expressions asserting that man is born free and everywhere in chains, natural rights include life, liberty, and property, and that slavery, torture, and religious persecution are wrong.

Divine Right

A doctrine of rule characterized by the statement: 'Kings are God's lieutenants on Earth'.

Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights (1689)

Historical developments as a result of which the government of Britain gradually became a constitutional monarchy.

Limited Monarchy Documents

The Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and English Bill of Rights, which all reinforce the concept of limiting a monarch's power.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

A major conference whose main purpose was to return Europe to the conditions that existed before the French Revolution.

Separation of Powers

The principle reflected in the division of the United States government into executive, judicial, and legislative branches.

Reign of Terror

A period from September 1793 to July 1794 that set up revolutionary courts to prosecute counterrevolutionaries and traitors.

Toussaint L'Overture

The leader who led a slave revolt in Haiti.

Jose De San Martin and Simon Bolivar

Leaders who led South American independence movements against Spain, heavily influenced by the American and French Revolutions.

Bourgeoisie

The French middle class to whom political power shifted as an important result of the French Revolution.

Immediate Cause of the French Revolution

France's severe financial problems.

Democratic Despotism under Napoleon

A form of authoritarian rule exemplified by the repression of freedom of speech.

Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)

French revolutionary document declaring that men are born free and equal in rights, with protections for free expression of ideas and sacred property rights.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

American document stating that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights.

John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment thinkers whose specific ideas on natural rights and social equality inspired American colonists, Latin American Creoles, and the French bourgeoisie.

Order of Political Shifts in the French Revolution

The progression of government types: Absolute Monarchy (Before 1789) -> Constitutional Monarchy (1789–1792) -> Radical republic/Dictatorship (1792–1794) -> Directory/moderate republic (1795–1799) -> Napoleon Dictatorship (1799).

British Agricultural Changes (1600s)

Agricultural shifts that contributed to Britain's industrial development by producing more food with fewer workers.

James Watt

An inventor who made an important contribution to the Industrial Revolution by perfecting a new source of energy.

Steam Engine Powered by Coal

The technological innovation that freed factories from the requirement of being located along a river.

Causes of British Industrialization

Key factors including sufficient coal and iron ore reserves, a good transportation system, and the movement of people from the countryside to cities.

Factory System Working Conditions

An industrial arrangement where workers were paid for hours worked, while enduring an average standard of living that was unsanitary and diseased.

Population Growth in Birmingham, England (1801–1851)

A massive urban demographic surge caused primarily by the Industrial Revolution creating open jobs that led to employment.

When did france move into absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy

july 12th 1789 known as the declaration rights of man

When did Robespierre become a democratic despot?

September 1793-1794

When was Napoleon

November 10th 1799

What historical change lead to growth in population in Birmingham

The industrial revolution allowed

Open jobs leading to seek employment