development exam 2

erikson’s 3-6 year stage

initiative vs guilt

what happens during the initiative vs guilt stage

skill testing, trying to figure out how being a person works

fine motor skills

drawing, writing, brushing teeth girls tend to be better at

gross motor skills

hopping on one foot, climbing, skipping biys tend to be better at

threats to preschool physical abilities

lack of outdoor play, lack of food/ under nutrition

preoperational thinking

3-7 yrs, Focuses on what things look like and struggles to think beyond appearances.

concrete operational thinking

8-11 yrs, can think logically about real things and situations

conservation tasks

understanding that the amount remains the same despite changes in shape or form

decentering

the ability to to consider multiple aspects of a situation at the same time instead of focusing on just one

animistic thinking

believing inanimate objects are alive

artificialism

believing that people created things like mountains, rivers or the sun

egocentrism

not being able to see anything from anyone elses pov

evaluating Piaget:

underestimated what young children know, overstated egocentrism, lacks explanation of how teaching promotes cognitive growth

Vgotsky says abt cognitive development in early childhood:

most learning happens through interactions with others

zone of proximal development

window where learning can happen with support

scaffolding

support for a learner

Vgotsky view of education

its a collaborative, bidirectional learning experience

Vgotsky says ___ is key

language

according to ____, ____ scaffolds all learning

vgotsky, language

according to Vgotsky: everything is learned using ___

inner speech

childrens speech: phenomes

individual word sounds of language that can chane a words meaning

childrens speech: morphemes

basic meaning units of language

childrens language: syntax

the rules of putting words together to form sentences that make sense

childrens language: semantics

understanding words meanings

overextension

applying verbal labels too broadly: “all round things are ball”

underextension

applying verbal labels too narrowly: “only my red ball is “ball’”

overregularization

putting irregular pasts and plurals into regular form (runned, foots)

theory of mind

understanding that people each have different beliefs and perspectives

what age do children develop theory of mind

4-5

false belief task

a test of whether a child chan understand that someone else can believe something that isnt true

example of false belief task

a child thinks that the ball is still in the basket because she didnt see no one move it to the box

benefits of theory of mind

linked to sharing and helping, less likely to cheat, dislike eniquity

how to predict a autism spectrum disorder

poor social referencing, delayed language,attachment issues

risks and causes of autism spectrum disorders

genetics, air pollution, parent age, prenatal meds, maternal abusive relationship

intervention and treatment for autism spectrum disorders

operant conditioning, parent training, mood altering medicines for emotional stress

pretending (fantasy play) facilitated by

mothers

around what age does collaborative pretend play occur

4

purpose of pretending according to Vgotsky

allows adult role practice, allows sense of control, furthers social norm understanding

middle childhood ages

7-12

Piaget says logical thinking appears around age?

7-8

erikson stage for middle childhood

industry vs inferiority

industry vs inferiority

following adult reality and working toward desired wants

INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY EXPLANATION FOR EACH

industry- feeling capable and proud inferiority- feeling inadequate or not good enough

executive functions

any frontal lobe ability that allows planning and thinking

selective attention

focus on one thing and ignore others to get better at the one

inhibition

holding back or controlling your behavior, emotions, or impulses in certain situations

causes of ADHD

genetic, lower dopamine output, poor childhood- environment fit

externalizing tendencies

denying reality and lashing out. aggressive, impulsive, high-self esteem

internalizing tendencies

learned helplessness. fearful, anxious and low self-esteem

Harter’s 5 areas related to self-esteem

scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, athletic skills, peer likability, physical appearance

prosocial behavior

sharing, helping, and caring actions

moral disengagement

justifying immoral behavior to avoid feeling guilty

induction

parenting technique, adults explain how a child’s behavior affects others

proactive aggression

planned aggression used to get something you want

reactive aggression

aggression that happens as an angry reaction to something

relational aggression

hurting someone by damaging their relationships or social status

frustration- aggression hypothesis

frustration can lead to aggression when someone is blocked from reaching a goal or getting what they want

pathway to producing aggression

1. Toddler’s exuberant behavior evokes harsh discipline, 2. child is rejected by teachers + peers in school

hostile- attributional bias

assuming other people have bad intentions, even when their actions are accidental or harmless

early acting out, risk taking behavior may be predictive of

adult competence in the right person- environment fit

why are friendships vital in mid-childhood

they protect and enhance developing self, teach emotional and conflict management, promotes well being

popularity may be enhanced by

relational aggression

popularity levels of children in mid-childhood

popular, average, rejected, controversial children

high levels of aggression as early as

3rd grade

relational aggression is effective for

increasing popularity in girls

bully- victim

children who both bully others and fall victim to bullying

____ in ___ children live in single- parent families

1 in 4

____ in ___ single parent households are low income

2 in 3

US is the global leader in % of single- parent households. whats the global avg vs US %?

global 6.8%, US 23%

Baumrinds 2 dimensions of parenting

nurturance and discipline

authoritative

makes sure child understands

authoritarian

do what i say, “im the boss”

global research shows that children with authoritative parents were more?

academically successful, well adjusted and kind

collective efficacy

When people in a community work together and support each other to maintain safety and control behavior

critique of Baumrind’s parenting styles:

what works for one child may not work for another

resilient children often __

have a special talent, have proficiency in emotional regulation, have a strong faith or sense of meaning, biologically resistant to breaking down under stress