AP Bio Unit 2

nucleus

function: stores DNA, site of transcription, DNA —> mRNA

malfunction: gene expression may be disrupted

nucleolus

function: produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits

malfunction: ribosome production decreases

ribosomes

function: translate mRNA into proteins

malfunction: protein synthesis decreases

rough ER

function: synthesizes and processes secreted and membrane proteins

malfunction: proteins may not be produced or processed properly

smooth ER

function: synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, stores calcium

malfunction: lipid production or calcium regulation may be disrupted

golgi apparatus

function: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

malfunction: proteins may not reach their correct destinations

lysosomes

function: digest and recycle cellular materials

malfunction: undigested materials accumulate

mitochondria

function: produce most ATP through aerobic respiration

malfunction: ATP production decreases

chloroplasts

function: convert light energy into chemical energy

malfunction: photosynthetic protein production decreases

central vacuole

function: stores water and nutrients and helps maintain turgor pressure in plants

malfunction: plant cells may lose rigidity and metabolic failures

cytoskeleton

function: maintains shape, supports movement and intracellular support

malfunction: vesicle transport and cell movement may be impaired