APUSH - Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Gilded Age

1877-1900. A period of economic, industrial and social change characterized by superficiality and political stalemate.

Social Gospel

An aim by Protestants and progressives to better the social condition.

Political stalemate

This was due to 1)The prevalent polit ideology of the times, 2)party patronage, and 3)popular campaign tactics

Hayes

He was elected in 1878 by the compromise of 1877, which ended reconstruction.

Garfield

He served for 200 days before Charles Guiteau assassinated him in 1881. He was succeeded by Chester Arthur.

Arthur

He passed the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Pendleton Act.

Cleveland

He was the first and only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was an honest and Jeffersonian president. He signed the Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes Act.

Harrison

He was at the head of the "Billion-Dollar Congress," under which the McKinley Tariff and other important measures were passed.

Pendleton Act

This law declared that federal jobs are to be given by merit and not by patronage. It was passed under Chester Arthur in 1883.

Billion Dollar Congress

Harrison was at the head of this. Measures passed under it include the McKinley Tariff, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, and the Sherman silver Purchase Act.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

This was a law passed by congress in 1890 to increase the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month

McKinley Tariff

This law created a 48% protective tariff on sugar, crippling Hawaii's economy.

Populist Party

A political party formed in 1892 from agrarian discontent in the South and the West. They pushed for restoration of gov't to the people by: direct popular election of U.S. senators, enacting of state laws by voters, and referendums, ballots and initiatives.

Populist Platform

This political ideology was all for: 1)unlimited silver coinage, 2)a graduated income tax, 3)U.S. gov't publicly owning railroads 4)gov't owned and operated telegraphs and phones, 5)loans and federal warehouses for crops, and 6)an 8-hr workday.

Panic of 1893

A 4-yr deoression during Cleveland's first term that was caused by railroads over-extending themselves and the unlimited coinage of silver. Cleveland dealt with it by restoring the gold standard and then doing nothing. This depleted the national gold reserves, led to the Pullman Strike, and to the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Passed in 1894, this created a few modest tariff reductions and 2% income tax on the wealthy. It also strictly restricted U.S. sugar imports.

William Jennings Bryan

Ran in 1896 on the Dem/Populist "fusion ticket." Supported free silver, gave "Cross of Gold" speech, ran across the country. He lost.

McKinley

Supported a high tariff but was also a "friend of labor." Supported the gold standard and led a "front-porch campaign." Won the election of 1896.

Marcus Hanna

The financial power behind McKinley's nomination and his campaign.

Election of 1896

McKinley defeats Bryan. The main issues were gold v. silver and protective tariffs. Bryan was hurt by a rise in wheat prices and by factory owners telling workers that if Bryan was elected, their factories would shut down. Bryan was also hurt by the "Gold Bug" Democrats, who voted Republican.

White Man's Burden

The idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized. Also a poem by Rudyard Kipling.

Missionaries

White Christians who believed it was America's duty to colonize other countries.

Josiah Strong

A missionary and reverend who wrote the 1885 book OUR COUNTRY: ITS POSSIBLE FUTURE AND CURRENT CRISIS, which argued that white Protestants needed to colonize other nations to spread the faith.

Reasons for imperialism

1)need for a worldwide market, 2)need for raw materials, 3)spread Christianity/American values

Supporters of Imperialism

White Anglo-Saxons, Albert Beveridge, Missionaries,e.g. Josiah Strong, other politicians, expansionists

Opponents of Imperialism

Twain, Douglas, Bryan, Anti-Imperialist League, Anti-expansionists, other races

Good Neighbor Policy

By J.G. Blaine. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America.

Latin America

U.S. frequently tried to protect it from European ambitions.

Pan-American Conference

Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries.

Hawaii

In this place, American missionaries and entrepreneurs had already been there for decades. McKinley annexed in 1898 (after we had overthrown its gov't), and it became a U.S. territory in 1900.

China

This country had a ton of other nations trying to control its market. We established an Open Door Policy with them. The Boxer Rebellion also happened there

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Alaska

William Seward purchased this from Russia in 1867.

William Seward

He bought Alaska.

Alfred Mahan

Wrote THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON AMERICAN HISTORY, which helped to define American foreign policy at the time.

Matthew Perry

He opened Japan after taking a naval expedition there and persuaded it to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa establishing relations with the US

Jingoism

Aggressive nationalism which likes colonizing other nations.

Spanish-American War

The U.S. wanted to "free" (take) Cuba from Spain (mainly for economic purposes), leading to this war.

Teller Amendment

A declaration that of war on Spain by Congress. Also declared that the U.S. would never try to take over Cuba and had no intention of doing so.

Platt Amendment

The Congressional terms for the U.S. army's withdrawal from Cuba. Stated that Cuba must: never sign a treaty that limited its independence, never build up an excessive public debt, allow the U.S. to intervene in its affairs, and allow the U.S. to build naval bases there.

Philippines

The U.S. sent troops here after recognizing both its economic value and its strategic value to Spain.

Jose Marti

A Cuban martyr whose death in 1885 led to rebellion.

De Lome Letter

A Spanish diplomat's letter to a friend that was intercepted by British intel and sent to the U.S. It was highly critical of McKinley and considered an official Spanish insult against the U.S. after it was run on the front page of many yellow press newspapers.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that grossly overexaggerated Spanish atrocities in both Cuba.

Paris Peace Treaty

Signed 1898. Provided for recognition of Cuban independence and the U.S. acquisition of the Philippines for $20 million.

Philippine-American War

The Philippines were made, along with Spain, that the U.S. was trying to control them, leading to this 1899-1902 war.

Anti-Imperialist League

A league formed in 1898 which supported free trade over political domination. By 1899, it had over 500,000 members.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino nationalist leader. Fought with the the U.S. during the Spanish-American War, but turned against the U.S. during the Philippine-American war.

Albert Beveridge

An imperialist senator.

Progressivism

The desire to improve life and culture, esp. in the industrial age.

Jane Addams

Founded the Hull House.

Mary Brewster

Founded the Henry Street Settlement House, along with Lillian Wald.

Florence Kelley

Studied bad work conditions and led to groundbreaking laws: 8-hr workday for women, no child labor, and safer tenements. Created the NY Child Labor Committee with L. Wald.

Lillian Wald

Along with Mary Brewster, she founded the Henry Street Settlement House. She also formed the NY Child Labor Committee w/ F. Kelley and pushed for the creation of the U.S. Children's Bureau.

Tammany Hall

A political machine in NY.

Thomas Nast

A political cartoonist who, in 1871, exposed Boss Tweed and caused Tweed's arrest.

George Plunkitt

Belonged to the T. Hall machine and supported graft.

Timothy Sullivan

Rose from poverty to the top of the T. Hall machine and was very popular with constituents.

Robert Las Follete

A prominent Republican progressive who brought about huge reforms in Wisconsin.

graft

Making money from inside info on public improvement.

City Organization

In almost every city, everything prosperous was linked to the machine. after the fall of the polit machine, Progressives came in and instated the city manager system.

Muckrakers

Writers/journalists who exposed corruption in politics and scandalous working conditions.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker and one of the first photojournalitsts. Wrote HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES, about tenement life.

S.S. McClure's

A Muckraker Magazine founded by an Irish immigrant (McClure). Became a major success after running articles by Steffens and Tarbell.

Lincoln Steffens

A muckraker. Wrote TWEED DAYS IN ST. LOUIS and THE SHAME OF THE CITIES.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraker. Wrote THE HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote THE JUNGLE, about the meatpacking industry.

David Graham

Wrote a 1906 Cosmo article called "The Treason of the Sentate," which argued that most conservative senators only cared about big business.

John Dewey

A philosopher who criticized America's formal and rigid education system. Wrote books such as THE SCHOOL AND SOCIETY and DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

A Mass. judge and scholar who believed that the law should account for changing social conditions

Richard Ely

A faculty memeber at U. Wisc. who believed that the state must directly intervene to solve public problems. Hated laissez-faire.

Lester Ward

Wrote DYNAMIC SOCIOLOGY, which argued that humans went through social (telic) evolution, not organic (genetic) evolution.

Muller v. Oregon

1908. A Supreme Court Case which upheld an OR law limiting women's max work hours. Important because the court DIDN'T overturn a law that helped social conditions.

Ferdinand Tonnies

A German theorist who wrote about America's shift from a static, close knit community to a dynamic, morally fragmented one. He asked where people should get their values in the industrial age.

Edward Ross

Wrote SOCIAL CONTROL, which suggested that Americans take their values from an "ethical elite."

Francis Galton

An English pseudoscientist who founded eugenics, which stated that society should be bred from the best of the stock, and that the wrost of stock should be severely limited.

Ludlow Massacre

A CO state militia entirely destroyed a tent conlony of striking miners in Ludlow, CO. Strikers attacked South CO mines for ten days until Wilson sent the U.S. Army to subdue them.

Niagra Movement

Led by W.E.B. Du Bois and W.M. Trotter. Protested legal segregeation, exclusion of blacks from unions, etc. on black rights

Hepburn Act

This law established the ICC.

John Muir

An essayist and founder of the modern environmentalist movement. Led the preserveationists.

New Nationalism

This campaign platform supported a strong fed gov't, an active prez, social reforms, and stricter regulation of corporations and esp. trusts.

New Freedom

This campaign platform emphasized restoring conditions of free competition, equality of economic opportunity, and a moral approcah to foreign affairs.

Election of 1912

In this election, Wilson crushed, due to the Republican split and the deviation of votes to the Socialists.

16th Amendment

Allowed a federal income tax.