Circulatory System

Cardiovascular, circulatory, and lymphatic system

What is plasma?

the liquid portion of blood that holds all of your blood cells together. Makes up 55% of total blood volume.

Solutes of Plasma

• proteins

• nutrients

• wastes

• gasses

• electrolytes

Cells of Blood

• erythrocytes

• leukocytes

• platelets

Which is not actually a cell out of the red blood cells?

Plasma

Hemoglobin is which type of cell?

RBC, erythrocyte

Erythrocytes

red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin

Leukocytes

white blood cells (WBC). serve to fight infections, made within red marrow

Platelets

fragments of cells knows as megakarocyte. work with proteins in the blood (called clotting factors) to create a strong web of fibrin that traps red blood cells and seals the wound.

True or false: red blood cells have a nucleus

False - red blood cells do NOT have a nucleus they are just filled with hemoglobin

Megakarocyte

very large cells, primarily within red marrow, and they are ones to release platelets in order to clot blood

megakarocyte

Myeloblasts

stem cells of leukocytes, found in red marrow

Ischemia

occurs when you are not delivering enough oxygen to the tissue.

Anemia

When red blood cells do not have enough oxygen.

not enough red blood cells —> if cells don’t have enough oxygen —> no ATP —> no energy —> the person will not have energy = fatigue

Leukemia symptons

• fatigue due to anemia

• fatigue also due to ischemia (not enough oxygen to tissues)

• hemophilia

Hemophilia

inability to clot blood.

Reasoning: if you’re taking stem cells and making too many myeloblasts out of them, then you might not have enough to make megakaryocytes. Which means you are not making any platelets resulting in an inability to clot blood.

Purpose of red blood cells

Carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body and help remove carbon dioxide waste.

Leukemia is the cancer of which cell?

Leukocytes - they fight infections, WBC, found within red marrow

Mediastinum

location of where the heart is

Function of heart

to pump blood. Needs to pump 24/7, pumps 24 million times per year. You want the heart to be made out of muscles that allows it to pump blood, that being cardiac muscle

Myocardium

Made up of cardiac muscle tissue. It is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contracts and relaxes to pump blood.

Function of myocardium

• pumping: it provides the force needed to circulate blood through the lungs and the rest of the body

• electrical conduction: specialized fibers within the tissue help generate and spread electrical impulses to keep the heartbeat regular

Myocardial Infarction

commonly known as a heart attack, occurring when blood flow to the muscle is blocked.

Ways to avoid and survive myocardial infarctions?

• none

• exercise is known to make people have higher chance of survival due to strong cardiac muscle

Treatment of blocked coronary arteries

• coronary bypass

• stent

Coronary Bypass

a surgical procedure that creates an alternative route for blood flow in the artery which flows around blocked or narrowed heart arteries.

Stent

putting a tube (mesh-like) and forcing the artery to stay open

Endovascular thrombectomy

is a minimally invasive emergency procedure used by removing the blood clot within the blood vessel that is blocked in the brain. Blood flow is restored to the affected brain tissue immediately once the blockage is cleared.

Embryonic development of the heart takes how long to complete forming?

35 days

Is the first organ we develop

the heart

The two movements that create the cardiac septum

twisting and folding

The two structures that are going to be completely separated during embryonic development of the heart

the atria and ventricle

A shunt

Is an opening that can divert blood away from the lungs.

Do adults want a shunt in their hearts? Why?

No, as adults we do not want these in our hearts because we need 100% of our blood to flow into our lungs.

Does a baby in the womb need a shunt? Why?

Yes, a baby needs these in their heart. They receive oxygen from their umbilical cord, in order to ensure the blood is being diverted evenly these are crucial. It prevents 100% of the blood going to the lungs.

Ducteus arteriosus

pulmonary trunk to the aorta allowing us to bypass the lungs, related to fetal heart shunts

Foramen ovale

found between the left and right atria, related to fetal heart shunts and bypassing the lungs

Explain the importance of shunts complete closure

Once born the fetal structure of shunts need to be closed since the reliance of the umbilical cord is no longer needed and 100% of the blood needs to be oxygenated in the lungs.

the main natural shunts that a fetus relies on to bypass the lungs are

patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

occurs when in during embryonic development the heart does not twist and fold properly and no cardiac septum is formed. It causes us to push blood harder into the right ventricle and aorta. Surgeries are necessary, about 3-4 surgeries, whereas in severe cases a heart transplant is needed.

A blood vessel

is a tubular conduit in the body that forms the network of the circulatory system, responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to an from cells

The three layers of a basic anatomy blood vessel

1. tunica intima

2. tunica media

3. tunica adventitia

Tunica Intimia

is the inner most layer consisting of the endothelium and subendothelium.

What tissue is the endothelium made of? Why?

simple squamous epithelium because the blood cells need a smooth muscle/layer for smooth blood flow and not to damage the blood cells

What tissue is the subendothelium made of? What is the function?

It is made of areolar connective tissue, it supplies nutrients and oxygen to the endothelium.

What makes up the tunica media? What is it?

it is the middle layer. It is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

What is the function of smooth muscle and where is it located?

smooth muscle is located in the tunica media and it functions to allow vaso constriction (blood vessel + lumen gets more narrow)

What is the function of elastic fibers and where is it located?

In the general anatomy of the blood vessel, elastic fiber allows blood vessels to be elastic, allowing for contraction and retraction — snapping the blood vessel to snap back to its original orientation.

It is typically located in the tunica media, all along the smooth muscle.

What is the tunica adventitia made of?

dense irregular connective tissue

Function of tunica adventitia?

it functions to allow blood vessels to be anchored in the location of where it is. It also provides a physical protection and strength for the vessel. It is dense closer to the vessel and expands more as it layers out.

Function of vasa vesorum and where is it found?

it is the blood vessel’s blood vessel. It supplies nutrients, oxygen and blood flow to larger blood vessels.

It is found inside the tunica media and adventitia.

Name the 3 types of arteries

• elastic artery

• muscular artery

• arteriole

Function and qualities of elastic artery

they are the largest of the 3 arteries, they will have 3 regions where we have elastic fibers, a lot of blood pressure occurs (like an aorta) so it will be able to expand, pump and recoil back to its original orientation due to its amount of elastic fiber.

Which is the biggest artery?

elastic artery

List the regions we find elastic fibers in elastic arteries

1. between subendothelium and smooth muscle

2. superiorly around smooth muscle

3. within the layers smooth muscle

What type of artery do we have an abundance of?

muscular artery

What is bigger in size; muscular artery or elastic artery?

Elastic artery

Proportion to its size, what makes up the majority of the muscular artery?

smooth muscle

Qualities and function of muscular artery

• able to do more vasoconstriction

• more muscular proportionally

• they can redirect blood flow from one region to another

What is the smallest artery?

arteriole artery

What makes up the arteriole artery?

endothelium and smooth muscle

How does arteriole artery get its nutrients? Why?

from its own lumen because it does not have a subendothelium

List the different types of capillaries

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid

What is plasma made of?

water, proteins, dissolved nutrients and gases, electrolytes, and waste products

Core functions of plasma?

it carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need them. It collects waste products from cells and delivers them to the liver, kidney, or lungs to be excreted. It contains crucial clotting factors that work with platelets to stop bleeding when injured, it carries antibodies that identify and destroy bacteria, viruses, and foreign invaders. Lastly, pH and fluid balance.

What tissue are capalaries made of?

simple squamous epithelium

Capalaries and their function?

They are the smallest and thinnest blood vessel in the body, connecting smallest arteries to smallest veins. Their narrow opening allows the rate of which blood flows to be slow.

Importance of narrowness: it slows down rate of flow for nutrient, waste and gas exchange.

Cardiac septum

Structure that divides the heart into left and right side

What layers make up the endocardium?

The subendothelium and the endothelium

What is the subendothelium made of?

Areolar connective tissue. It provides nutrients to the endothelium.

What is the endothelium made of?

simple squamous connective tissue

The _____ provides a smooth surface by having _____ so it does not damage the blood vessels and prevents blood clots.

Endothelium , simple squamous epithelial tissue

endocarditis

The inflammation of the endocardium. Occurs when bacteria goes into the blood stream, causing inflammation. Endothelium is no longer able to provide a smooth surface, causing blood clot and fatality.

What causes endocarditis?

use and sharing of needles and poor nurse care when inserting and using needles on a patient.

papillary muscles

Contractile units able to pull on the chordae tendineae they look like tiny nipples.

Chordae tendineae made of?

made of dense regular CT

How does a chordae tendinae function?

they 1) open in the correct direction and 2) are going to resist prolapsing of the valves. Prolapse means opening from the opposite way/direction. 

Capillaries

The most abundant and smallest type of blood vessel. We use these for nutrient, waste and gas exchange.

You want the capillaries to be _____ to allow a ____ paced blood flow.

narrow, slow

The type of tissue all capillaries are made of

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

The most abundant type of capillary

Continuous capillary

Intercellular clefts

These are openings between epithelial cells that will allow plasma to leak through. Plasma leaks and goes onto the tissue to provide nutrients, oxygen and get rid of waste. Leukocytes can also leak through to the tissue. Fibroblasts can leak through and enter the tissue.

Fenestrate capillaries

“Windows” capillaries or intercellular clefts they allows plasma to leak through, as well as fenestrations. Small opening that allow even more plasma to leak out from this type of capillary. They are too small for leukocytes, but the intercellular clefts do allow for their passage.