chapter 11: properties of solutions

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

*does not have to involve liquids

solute

component in lesser concentration

what is being dissolved

solvent

component in greater concentration

what does the dissolving

molar solubility (M) or [M]

the number of moles of solute that dissolves in exactly 1.0 L of solvent

saturated solution

solution containing max amount of solute that will dissolve in given pressure and temp; these reach dynamic equilibrium

unsaturated solution

a solution containing less than the max amount of solute (more solute can dissolve)

supersaturated solution

a solution that has been prepared at an elevated temp and cooled slowly; more than the maximum amount dissolved; agitation causes excess solute to crystallize

agitation

stirring and pouring

miscible

when two liquids mix

ex. water + food coloring

immiscible

when two liquids DON’T mix

ex. water + oil

molarity (M)

number of moles solute / liters of solution; temperature dependent (changes as temperature changes)

molarity (M) equation

moles solute / liters solution

mass / weight percent

percent by mass of the solute in the solution

mass / weight percent equation

(grams of solute / grams of solution) x 100

mole fraction (no unit)

given component / all moles present ratio

molality (m/kg)

number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; NOT temperature dependent (remains the same even as temperature changes)

molality equation

moles solute / kg solvent

alkali metals

soluble

ammonium NH₄⁺

soluble

acetate C₂H₃O₂

soluble

nitrate NO₃^-

soluble

Chlorine Cl_2, Bromine Br₂, and Iodine I₂

soluble

Silver Ag⁺ Mercury Hg₂²⁺, and lead Pb

insoluble (applies to ALL compounds)

most sulfates SO₄^2-

soluble

sulfates bonded to silver, mercury, lead, barium Ba, strontium Sr, or calcium Ca

insoluble

polar covalent compounds

soluble

all acids

soluble

strong acids

HCl, HBr, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO_4, HClO_3, HI

dilution equation

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

freezing point depression

[change in T]_f = K_f x m

boiling point elevation

[change in temperature]_b = K_b x m