Science test unit 3

Good luck

What is the group to the Right of the Alpha Carbon called?

What is the group to the Left of the Alpha Carbon called?

Draw it

Right: Amino group

Left:Carboxyl group

How many Amino acids are there?

20

What molecule makes a chemical reaction happen?

Catalyst molecule

What kind of bond is need for Amino acids?

Hydrogen bonds

What is the process called when turning polymeres back into monomers?

Depolymerization

What is the chemical reaction for connecting building blocks together?

Dehydration reaction

What is the chemical reaction for breaking apart building blocks?

Hydrolisis

What are the main functional groups of life?

Carboxyl, Amino acids, Phosphate

How many bonds can Carbon have?

4

What are Poly-saccharides the same as?

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds are WHAT kind of molecule?

Carbon-based molecules

Glucose is also known as a, what?

Mono-saccharide

What are the 3 Poly-saccarides?

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

What are the 3 compounds in Lipids?

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

In a structure, what are “tails”?

Hydrophobic/non-polar

Fatty acids

In a structure, what are “head(s)”?

Hydrophilic

Phosphate

In a structure, what does Amphipathic mean?

2 “faces”

what are Anabolic steroids? (3)

Synthetic variants of testosterone

Build up of muscle and bone mass

Sold as prescription drugs to treat certain diseases

What is a Catalyst?

A molecule that makes the chemical reaction happen

What are Proteins composed of?

C,H,O,N,S

Monomers=amino acids (aa)

What does peptide mean?

Proteins

Memorise this

draw it

What is a Polypeptide chain?

Peptide bond formation=covalent bond

Variable in length

Variable in order of amino acids

What does DNA determine?

Determines the Sequence of order

What do amino acids determine?

3D shape of a polypeptide

What does Tertiary, secondary, and primary structure have in common?

Hydrogen bonds are important

What are macromolecules?

Very large molecules, also called polymers

What are C, H, O, N

Main elements present in organic compounds

What are Isomers?

Different compounds, same molecular formula

What is a functional group?

Group of atoms in organic compounds that affects the molecule’s function in a characteristic way

What is the Carboxyl group?

-COOH

one type of functional group

Part of amino acid molecule that is important in making a peptide bond with the amino group in another amino acid

What is the Hydroxyl group?

-OH

one type of functional group

What is the Amino group?

NH2

one type of functional group

Important in making a peptide bond with the carboxyl group of another amino acid

What is a Phosphate group?

OPO3²-

One type of functional group

What is Hydrophillic

Water loving

Polar

What is hydrophobic

Water hater

Non-polar

What are polymers

Large molecules made from identical building blocks (monomers) strung together

What are monomers

Individual building block

What is Polymerization

Process where monomers are linked to make a large molecule (polymer)

What is Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reaction where monomers are liked together to form polymers and water is REMOVED

What is hydrolysis

Chemical reaction where polymers are broken apart by the ADDITION of water

What is Monosaccharide

Simple sugar

Building block of polysaccharides

What is Disaccharide

Polymer that consist of 2 monomers

What is Oligosaccharide

Polymer that consists of 3-10 monomers

What is Polysaccaride

Polymer that consists of many momomers

What is Starch

Polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers

amylose: straight molecule

Found in plants

Used as energy supply

What is Glycogen

Polysaccharide composed of Glucose monomers

Polymer has branches

Found in animals

Used as energy supply, mostly found in liver and muscle cells

What is Cellulose

Polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers

Several polymere joined together by hydrogen bonds

Used for structure (form plant cell walls)

What is a Triglyceride

Used to store energy for cellular activity

Made out of glycerol (head) and 3 fatty acids (tails) linked by dehydration reaction

What are Fatty acids

Hydrocarbons (only composed of C and H)

Chain of carbons that can vary in length and the type of carbon-carbon bond

Storage of energy

What are Saturated acids

Fatty acids that have single bonds between C atoms

Straight “rigid” molecule

Solid at room temp.

What are Unsaturated fats

Fatty acids that have double bonds between C atoms

Area in the C chain where double bond can bend, “Flexible”

Liquid at room temp.

What is Monounsaturated

Fatty acids that have one double bond between C atoms

What is Polyunsaturated

Fatty acids that have more than one double bond between C atoms

What are Phospholipids

Lipid molecule with 2 fatty acid chain and phosphate group bound to glycerol

Mainly used for structure

What are Steroids

Lipid structures that have 4 connected rings of Carbon

Important for structure-e.g. cholesterol

Important for hormone synthesis

What is an R group?

Part of amino acid molecule that varies in 20 differnt types of aa

R groups can be charged, polar or nonpolar depending on properties

Group determines how the polypeptide get it’s speciic shape

What is a peptide bond

Link between 2 amino acids

Amino group of one is joined with the carboxyl group of the aother amino acid by dehydration reaction

What is conformation

Protein’s specific shape that determines it’s function, depends on the amino acid sequence

Conformation is always the same for a given amino acid sequence

what is a primary struture

Amino acid sequence (linear)

What is a secondary structure

Amino acid sequence is pleated or twisted to form pleated sheets or helix (coils, held in position by hydrogen reaction (loss of water)

What is Carbon?

Main element in organic compounds

What is Cholesterol

type of steroid

found int he cell membrane where it maintains the fluidity and integrity of the membrane

used to synthesize other steroids and materials

Energy storage and Structure

Main functions in Carbohydrates and lipids

Provide much of the energy that cells require by storing it as a reserve energy supply

Supply materials to build different cell structures

What are amino acids

Building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides (proteins)

Types (based on R groups): Nonpolar, polar, charged

What are proteins

Macromolecules with a wide variety of functions: Structural materials,

energy source,

horomones/nerurotransmitters,

enzymes,

immunities(Antibodies),

cell communication

What is a tertiary structure

Polypeptide chain with it’s distinctive 3D shape, where pleaded sheets and helix interact with each other

What is a Quaternary structure

More than one polypeptide chain with it's distinctive 3D shape connected(subunits)

More than 1 tertiary structure is connected

What is Denaturation

Process where a protein’s shape is altered, so it can no longer function

Polypeptide chains unravel and lose it’s shape

(Mainly becuase of temp. change, salt concentration, or pH)

What are Nucleotides

Building blocks(monomers) of nucleic acids

Each nucleotide had 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, “sticky” parts are 3’ (3 prime) OH (hydroxyl) group and 5’ phosphate group

What are nucleic acids

Information-rich polymeres of nucleotides

Types: DNA, RNA

Molecules are very large

What are A,T,G, C

Adenine, thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

What are nitrogenous bases

Key part of nucleotide attached to the pentose in position 1’

What are A,U,G,C

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

What is a DNA backbone

Repeating sugar-phosphate chain

Forms from nucleotide monomers when the phosephate of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of the next nucleotide

What is a double helix

Double chain of DNA

sugar-phosphate backbones with protruding bases are held together

What is DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Bases: A,G,C,T

What is RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Bases: A, G, C, U

What are genes

specific nucleotide sequence that contains info. for amino acid sequence of a specific polypeptide

What is a coding region

DNA region that contains genes

What is a non-coding region

DNA region that does not contain genes

What are enzymes

Type of protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction in celss by lowering the chemical barrier

Can be reused/recycled

= to catalyst

What is a substrate

Reactants

Molecule(s) that will CHANGE during a chemical reaction

what is a product

End result of a chemical reaction

What is a Active site

Where enzyme interacts with the enzymes’s substrate

R groups of aa in active sites are the ones that interact with the substrate

What is Energy of activation (EA)

Energy needed for a chemical reaction to happen

What does DNA determine

the SEQUENCE of an order

Hydrogen bonds are important in what kinds of structures?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

This shape is best described as, what?

Beta sheet

This shape is best descried as a, what?

Alpha helix

Does DNA have oxygen in it?

No

Does RNA have oxygen in it?

Yes

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T, A and U?

2

How many hydrogen bonds are between G and C?

3