BIOL 1062: Test 3 (Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Lymphatic Systems)

What is the sequence of the respiratory system? Where does air start when entering the body and where does it end up?

1. Upper Respiratory Tract (Conducting Zone)

2. Lower Respiratory Tract (Respiratory Zone)

What is the structure of the Upper Respiratory Tract (Conducting Zone)?

• Passageway for air to enter/exit

1. Nose

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi

6. Bronchioles

What is the structure of the Lower Respiratory Tract (Respiratory Zone)

• Area where gas exchange occurs

1. Respiratory Bronchioles

2. Alveolar Ducts

3. Alveoli

What kind of epithelium can be found on the structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract (Conducting Zone)?

1. Nose:

   • Stratified Squamous → becomes Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar deeper within

2. Pharynx

   1. Nasopharynx: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

   2. Oropharynx: Stratified Squamous

   3. Laryngopharynx: Stratified Squamous

3. Larynx

   • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

4. Trachea

   • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

5. Bronchi

   • Primary Bronchi (Bronchial Tree)

     • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

   • Secondary Bronchi

     • Simple Columnar → Simple Cuboidal

What kind of epithelium can be found on the structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract (Respiratory Zone)

1. Alveoli

   • Simple Squamous

     • Has Cuboidal Surfactant-Secreting Cells

2. Respiratory Bronchioles

   • Simple Cuboidal

• What is the function of the nasal cavities?

• Conducts air into the system

1. Filter incoming air (debris, unwanted molecules)

2. Moistens incoming air

   1. Diffuses more optimally

3. Warms incoming air

• Odor recceptors pick up odors

• Sinuses + Tear Glands drain into nasal cavity

  • Runny nose when crying

What is the function of the Tonsils?

• Lymphatic Tissue that forms a protective ring around the Pharynx

• Exposed to external environment (food, air, etc.)

  • Acts like a filter → response occurs at tonsils to prevent unwanted molecules from entering (coughing)

What is the role of the Epiglottis?

• Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract

  • Covers the Glottis: Opening in the Larynx

What is the function of the Larynx?

• Passageway for air between the Pharynx and Trachea

What is the function of the Esophagus?

Carries food from the throat to the stomach

How does air pass through the system and through the Bronchi Tree?

1. Air enters the nose/mouth

2. Passes the pharynx and larynx

3. Travels through the trachea into the Left and Right Primary Bronchi

   • Branches into Bronchial Tree

4. Bronchial Tree branches to secondary bronchi

   • Leads to bronchioles

5. Bronchioles lead to alveoli

What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?

• Functional unit of lung tissue where gas exchange occurs

• Expand/recoil with respiration

  • Large surface area allows for better O₂ and CO₂ transfer

What is produced in the alveoli to keep them open?

• Surfactant secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells

  • Lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension of water molecules by decreasing their cohesiveness

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Where is the respiratory center located?

• Located in the brain stem (Medulla Oblongata)

What do the muscles and nerves involved in normal inhalation do?

They contract to increase lung volume and decrease air pressure, allowing air to flow in.

Is normal inhalation an active or passive process?

Active; it requires muscle contraction.

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level, while external respiration occurs in the lungs.

What are the three types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

What is capillary exchange?

The process by which gases, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between blood and tissues.

What does systolic pressure indicate?

The pressure in the arteries during heartbeats.

What is the intrinsic control of the heartbeat?

Regulated by the heart's pacemaker cells and conduction system.

What is the function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

What is the process of blood clotting?

Involves blood proteins, minerals, and vitamins to form a clot and stop bleeding.

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

To maintain fluid balance, absorb fats, and support the immune system.

What is edema?

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues.

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Primary lymphoid organs produce lymphocytes, while secondary lymphoid organs house and activate them.

How does interstitial fluid flow through the lymphatic system?

It flows through lymphatic capillaries and vessels, eventually returning to the bloodstream.

What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the cardiovascular system?

It regulates heart rate and blood pressure.

What are granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Types of white blood cells; granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.

What is the significance of the PQRST wave in ECG?

It represents the electrical activity of the heart during a heartbeat.

What is the function of lymph nodes?

To filter lymph and house immune cells that respond to pathogens.