Human Anatomy Exam 4 (1)

what parts form the brain

• brain stem (medulla oblongnata, pons, mensencephalon)

• diencephalon (thalamus, hyopthalamus, epithalamus)

• cerebellum

• cerebrum

medulla oblonganata centers

• cardiovascular

• respiratory

pons centers

• apneustic

• pnuomtaxic

brain stem from supeior to inferior

midbrain > pons > medulla

what sections form Diencephalon

• thalamus

• hypothalamus

• epthalamus

what are the locations of the thalamus

• superior to the brain stem

• forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle

functions of the thalamus

• relay station for sensory info

• processes and routes signals to cerebral cortex

what are the locations of the hypothalamus

• inferior to the thalamus

• forms the floor of the third ventricle

functions of the hypothalamus

• homeostasis

• behavior drives - hunger and thirst

• centers invovled with emotional and visceral processes

• links the nervous and endocrine system

what are the names of the nuclei thalamus

thalamus ( all nuclei)

• anterior

• medial

• ventral

• lateral

what are the centers of the hypothalamus

• hunger

• satiety

• thirst

• temperature

• sleep wake

• emotional behavior

where is the longitudinal fissure located

in the cerebrum

• deep groove separating cerebral hemispeheres

where is the arbor vitae located

white matter inside cerebellum

where is the vermis located

cerebellum

• midline structure joining cerebellar hemispheres

where is the primary fissure located

separates

• anterior lobe

• posterior lobe of cerebellum

what structures divide the cerebellum into hemispheres

vermins

what structures divide cerebellum into lobes

• primary fissure

• posterolateral fissure

what is the function of the corpora quadrigemina and where is it located

located- posterior midbrain

function is separated

• superior colliculi- visual

• inferior colliculi- auditory

what structures form the white and grey matter of the medulla oblongnata

gray- nuclei

white- ascending and descending tracts

what forms the white and gray matter of the cerebrum

gray

• cerebral cortex

• basal nuclei

white

• association fibers

• commissural fibers

• projection fibers

what structures form the white and grey matter of the cerebellum

gray

• cerebellar cortex

• deep cerebeller nuclei

white

• arbor vitae

what are the components of the limbic system

• cingulate gyrus

• hippocampus

• amygdala

• mammilary bodies

• fornix

functions

• memory

• emotion

• motivation

what is cerebral lateralization

certain functions are speciliazed to one area

left hemi- language, logic, math

right hemi- creativity, spatial reasoning, facial recognition

what is the function and location of Warnicke’s area

located- left temporal partietal area

function- language comprehension

what is the function and location of Broca’s area

location- left frontal lobe

function- speech production

what is the location of the spinal cord

• vertebral canal

• extends from foramen magnum

• ends near L1- L2 vertebrae

Idenitfy the segments of the spinal cord and what are the componenets of each segement of the spinal cord

31 segments:

• 8 cervical

• 12 thoracic

• 5 lumbar

• 5 sacral

• 1 coccygeal

Components:

• Gray matter

• White matter

• Dorsal root

• Ventral root

• Spinal nerve

what forms the dorsal root and ventral root in the spinal cord

Dorsal root

Sensory neuron axons

Contains:

• Dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root

Motor neuron axons

what is the organization of gray and white matter in the spinal cord and brain

Brain

Gray outside White inside

Spinal cord

White outside Gray inside

"H" shaped gray matter

what is lumbar enlargement

lower limb nerves

what is cervical enlargement

upper limbs into nerves

what is conus medullaris

tapered end of cord

what is cauda equina

bundle of spinal nerves

what is filum teminale

fibrous anchor of spinal cord

how many spinal nerves are in the human body

31 pairs

what are deramtones and nervous plexus

Dermatome

Skin region served by one spinal nerve

Plexus

Network of ventral rami

what nerve of the cervical plexus has an important role in the process of respiration and why

Phrenic nerve

(C3-C5)

Innervates diaphragm

"C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive"

what are the dorsal and ventral rami, and what are their functions

Dorsal rami

Back muscles and skin

Ventral rami

Anterior body and limbs

what are rami communicantes

Connections between:

• Spinal nerves

• Sympathetic trunk

Carry ANS fibers

list the names of the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

• Femoral

• Obturator

• Sciatic

• Tibial

• Common fibular

• Gluteal nerves

• Pudendal

list the names of the nerves of the cervical plexus

• Phrenic

• Lesser occipital

• Great auricular

• Transverse cervical

• Supraclavicular

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

phe

what is the longest nerve of the human body and where is it located

list in order the sections that compose the brachial plexus

list one nerve the innervates flexors and extensors of the arm

what is a reflex and what elements form a reflex arc

know the name, type, and functions associated with the 12 cranial nerves

what is the classifcation of the receptors based on the stimulus they recieve

how are receptors classified by structure

know the location and function of encapsulated receptors

know the location and fucntion of free nerve receptors

what are exteroreceptors

what are interoreceptors

what are proprioreceptors

what are nociceptors

what is the orign of neurons and ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

what is cranial outflow

what is sacral outflow

what are trunk and collateral ganglia

what is the enteric nervous system

what are achalasia and gastroparesis

whar are the control areas of the autonomic divisions and what activies do they regulate

what is the anatomical arrangment of the autonomic pahtways (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

what is the neuroeffector synapse

what is referred pain

what types of cells are associated with the olfactory epithelium

what substances or ions are involved in taste sensations

where are the taste receptors on the tongue

know the types of papillae of the tongue and their location

what structures form the external ear

what structures form the middle of the ear

what structures form the interal ear

what structures and fluids are associated with cochlea

what is the organ of Corti located and what structures form it

what structures of the inner ear are associated with equilibrium (monitoring linear and rotational acceleration)

what are semicircular canals

what are otoliths

what is ampulla

what is saccule

what is utricle

what is kinocilium

what is macula

what structures form the external anatomy of the eye

what structures form the internal anatomy of the eye

what structures form the lacrimal apparatus

what type of photoreceptors and photopigments are in the retina

what structure of the cortex process visual information

describe two components of the blood and their characteristics

what are the main characterisitcs of white blood cells (leukocytes)

what are red blood cells (erythrocytes)

what are platelets (thrombocytes)

what cells are granuoloctyes

what cells are arganulocytes

what is hematopoiesis

where is the heart located

describe the three layers of the heart

what are the four chambers of the heart

describe the function and location of the valves of the heart

what is the order in whuch blood flows through the heart (starting from the vena cava and ending in the aorta)

what are the pulmonary and systemic circuits

what is the order in which blood flows through the pulmoary circuit