Module 1: Inorganic Chemistry - Review Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary review flashcards for Module 1: Inorganic Chemistry, covering periodic trends, mineral names, industrial manufacturing processes, common chemical trivial names, physiological electrolytes, toxicities, and systematic qualitative cation analysis.

Alkali Metals

The chemical elements comprising Group IA: $H$, $Li$, $Na$, $K$, $Rb$, $Cs$, and $Fr$.

Alkaline Earth Metals

The chemical elements comprising Group IIA: $Be$, $Mg$, $Ca$, $Sr$, $Ba$, and $Ra$.

Icosagens

The Group IIIA elements (Boron group): $B$, $Al$, $Ga$, $In$, $Tl$, and $Nh$.

Crystallogens

The Group IVA elements (Carbon group): $C$, $Si$, $Ge$, $Sn$, $Pb$, and $Fl$.

Pnictogens

The Group VA elements (Nitrogen group): $N$, $P$, $As$, $Sb$, $Bi$, and $Mc$.

Chalcogens

The Group VIA elements (Oxygen group): $O$, $S$, $Se$, $Te$, $Po$, and $Lv$.

Coinage Metals

The Group IB transition elements: copper ($Cu$), silver ($Ag$), and gold ($Au$).

Volatile Metals

The Group IIB transition elements: zinc ($Zn$), cadmium ($Cd$), and mercury ($Hg$).

Metalloids

Elements that behave like a mixture of metals and nonmetals, arranged in a ladder-like configuration across the p-block: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, and Polonium.

Amphoteric Oxides

Oxides possessing properties intermediate between acidic and basic; elements forming these include Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Polonium, Aluminum, Gallium, Tin, Beryllium, and Zinc.

Diagonal / Bridge Elements

Elements in period 2 whose first members chemically resemble elements located diagonally to their right in period 3 (e.g., $Li-Mg$, $Be-Al$, $B-Si$, $C-P$, $N-S$, $O-Cl$).

Dobereiner’s Triads

An early system of grouping elements with similar chemical properties in sets of three: Triad 1 ($Li$, $Na$, $K$), Triad 2 ($Ca$, $Sr$, $Ba$), Triad 3 ($Cl$, $Br$, $I$), and Triad 4 ($S$, $Se$, $Te$).

Eka-Elements

Temporary names given by Dmitri Mendeleev to predicted, undiscovered elements located directly beneath known elements in his periodic table ('eka' meaning 'below').

Eka-Boron

The provisional name given by Mendeleev for the undiscovered element later identified as Scandium.

Eka-Aluminum

The provisional name given by Mendeleev for the undiscovered element later identified as Gallium.

Eka-Silicon

The provisional name given by Mendeleev for the undiscovered element later identified as Germanium.

Eka-Manganese

The provisional name given by Mendeleev for the undiscovered element later identified as Technetium.

Eka-Cesium

The provisional name given by Mendeleev for the undiscovered element later identified as Francium.

Primary Intracellular Cation

Potassium ($K^+$), the most abundant positively charged ion located inside human cells.

Primary Extracellular Cation

Sodium ($Na^+$), the most abundant positively charged ion located outside human cells.

Primary Intracellular Anion

Phosphate, the principal negatively charged ion in the intracellular fluid.

Primary Extracellular Anion

Chloride ($Cl^-$), the principal negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid.

Shaver’s Disease

An occupational lung condition caused by the chronic inhalation of aluminum.

Mee’s Lines

Transverse white lines across the fingernails caused by arsenic toxicity.

Itai-Itai Disease

A severe, painful skeletal condition characterized by bone pain, caused by cadmium poisoning.

Wilson’s Disease

A genetic disorder characterized by excessive toxic accumulation of copper in the tissues.

Minamata Disease

A neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning.

Phossy Jaw

Osteonecrosis of the jaw bones caused by chronic phosphorus toxicity.

Argyria

An irreversible bluish-gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from silver poisoning.

Tc99m — Phytate

A technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical utilized for liver imaging and potency studies.

Tc99m — Heptagluconate

A technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical agent used for kidney imaging and assessing renal function.

Tc99m — Etidronate

A technetium-99m labeled bone imaging radiopharmaceutical.

Temporary Hard Water

Hard water containing bicarbonate salts of cations, which can be softened by boiling.

Permanent Hard Water

Hard water caused by sulfates, chlorides, or hydroxides, which is most effectively softened via ion exchange.

Chalybeate Water

Water that contains iron and is characterized by a distinctive ferruginous taste.

Lithia Water

Mineral water containing dissolved lithium salts.

Feldman’s Buffer

An external borate buffer containing boric acid, sodium borate, and $NaCl$ with an effective pH range of $7$ to $8.2$.

Sorensen Buffer

An isotonic internal buffer composed of sodium phosphate and $NaCl$ with an effective pH range of $6$ to $8$.

Efflorescent Substance

A hydrated crystalline compound that spontaneously loses water of crystallization/hydration on exposure to air (e.g., cupric sulfate, washing soda, Glauber's salt, borax).

Hygroscopic Substance

A substance that readily absorbs moisture from the atmosphere without dissolving into a liquid solution (e.g., silica, sucrose, $NaCl$, $CaO$).

Deliquescent Substance

A solid compound that absorbs moisture from the air until it completely dissolves into a liquid solution (e.g., $NaOH$, $KOH$, $MgCl_2$, $CaCl_2$, $FeCl_3$, $NaNO_3$).

Hall-Heroult Process

The primary industrial electrolytic process employed for the extraction and production of aluminum.

Haber Process

The industrial synthetic process that combines nitrogen and hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.

Ostwald Process

The commercial manufacturing process that uses the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to synthesize nitric acid.

Solvay Process

The industrial chemical manufacturing process used for the synthesis of sodium carbonate.

Frasch Process

A specialized mining extraction method using superheated water and compressed air to recover elemental sulfur from deep underground deposits.

Calomel

The trivial/common chemical name for mercurous chloride ($Hg_2Cl_2$).

Corrosive Sublimate

The trivial/common chemical name for mercuric chloride ($HgCl_2$).

Blue Vitriol

The common mineral name for copper sulfate pentahydrate ($CuSO_4 \cdot 5H_2O$).

Glauber’s Salt

The common trivial name for sodium sulfate decahydrate ($Na_2SO_4 \cdot 10H_2O$).

Rochelle Salt

The common name for sodium potassium tartrate ($KNaC_4H_4O_6$), also known as Seignette salt.

Tartar Emetic

The common trivial name for antimony potassium tartrate ($K(SbO)C_4H_4O_6$).

Group I Cations (Insoluble Chlorides)

The qualitative analytical cation group comprising $Pb^{2+}$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, and $Ag^+$, identified by forming insoluble precipitates in the presence of dilute $HCl$.

Group II Cations (Acid-Insoluble Sulfides)

The analytical cation group ($Sb^{3+}/Sb^{5+}$, $As^{3+}/As^{5+}$, $Bi^{3+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Sn^{2+}/Sn^{4+}$, $Pb^{2+}$) that does not precipitate in $HCl$ but precipitates in acidic $H_2S$.

Group III Cations (Base-Insoluble Sulfides)

The cation group ($Al^{3+}$, $Cr^{3+}$, Co^{2+}$, Fe^{2+}$, Fe^{3+}$, Mn^{2+}$, Ni^{3+}$, Zn^{2+}$) that does not precipitate in$HCl$or$H_2S$, but precipitates in$(NH_4)_2S$$.

Group IV Cations (Insoluble Carbonates)

The analytical group comprising $Ba^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Sr^{2+}$, which precipitates in $(NH_4)_2CO_3$ in the presence of $NH_4Cl$.

Group V Cations (Soluble Group)

The analytical group composed of $NH_4^+$, $Li^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^+$, which do not precipitate in any of the standard analytical group reagents and remain soluble.