topic 5 -- organic molecules

single covalent bonds

type of carbon bond where one pair of electrons between two atoms—shared by single line

double covalent bonds

type of carbon bond where two pairs of electrons between two atoms—shared by double lines

triple covalent bonds

type of carbon bond where three pairs of electrons between two atoms—shared by triple lines

octet rule

valence shell requires 8 electrons to be full and stable.

Carbon

atom that forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc.

organic molecule

molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together.

inorganic molecule

a molecule that lacks both carbon and hydrogen present together.

Methane

CH4, organic

glucose

C6H12O6, organic

Carbondioxide

CO2, inorganic

water

H2O. inorganic

Hydroxyl

-OH, polar, found in sugars, alcohols, and some amino acids.

Carbonyl

-C=O, polar, food in sugars (aldehydes and ketones); contributes to taste and smell.

Carboxyl

-COOH, acidic (releases H+ions), found in fatty acids and amino acids

Amino

-NH2, basic (accepts H+ ions), found in amino acids; can form hydrogen bonds.

Methyl

-CH3, non-polar, found in non-polar organic compounds.

phosphate

-PO4, acidic (releases H+ ions), found in nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP.

sulfhydryl

-SH, polar, found in proteins; forms disulfide bonds in 3D structures.

Aldehyde

carbonyl group located at the end of carbon backbone.

Keton

Carbonyl group located in the middle of a carbon backbone.

Carboxyl

Acidic group; releases H+ into solution, resulting in a negative charge

Amino

Basic group; accepts H+ from solution, resulting in a positive charge.

Functional group

specific group of atoms attached to a carbon backbone

Hydrophilic

Molecules that interact well with water and dissolve readily in it

Hydrophobic

Molecules that cannot interact well with water and do not dissolve in it.

oxygen

highly electronegative atom (O)

polar covalent bonds

bonds between carbon and oxygen or hydrogen and oxygen.

hydrogen bonding

the type of bonding that happens between water molecules and diluents

nonpolar covalent bond

bonds that share electrons with other atoms.

isomers

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

glucose, fructose, and galactose

isomers (C6H12O6)

Macromolecule

A very large organic molecule formed by linking smaller subunit units together.

Monomer

A single, individual subunit or building block

Dimer

A molecule composed of two monomers covalently bonded together

Polymer

A large molecule made of three or more monomers covalently bonded in a chain.

dimer

monomer + monomer =

polymer

dimer + monomer =

carbohydrates, lipids, porteins, nucleic acids

4 major classes of macromolecules

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Atoms that makeup carbohydrates (1:2:1 ratio)

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

atoms that make up lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

atoms that make up proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

atoms that make up nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

Monomers are joined together and water is removed/produced.

Hydrolysis

Polymers or dimers are broken down and water is consumed/added. (releases energy)