Infectious Disease

pathogen(s)

microorganisms that cause disease

true

true/false: most microorganisms are harmless or symbiotic in the body

true

true/false: infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide

disrupt normal processes, stimulate immune system

pathogens cause disease by either ______________________ and/or ______________________

infection

pathogens cause disease through ______________________

commensal, symbiotic

indigenous flora in/on a host can be _________________ or __________________

commensal

a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

true

true/false: microorganisms can have different interactions with their hosts, depending on circumstances

long, infection

some micro-organisms can survive within a host for ____________ periods without causing overt signs of __________________

when immune system is breached

how do certain microorganisms become pathogenic?

pathogenic

some microorganisms become ____________________ when the host's immune system is breached

contaminated food/water, dirty fingers, fecal contamination, insect bites, transmission of body fluids

5 routes of infection spread

tight junctions between cells, inhospitable secretions, thick mucus, indigenous flora

4 defense mechanisms of the body

find holes in the barriers, be strong against harsh environments, wiggle their way through

to pass through the body's barriers, infectious organisms must do one of following 3 things:

innate

_____________ immune response: the 24-48 hour inflammatory response

memory, antiboides

the acquired immune system is for __________________ and production of __________________

immune sera

injections containing antibodies that have an immediate response

toxin, venom

immune sera are also called anti-___________ or anti-_____________

immunization

teaches the immune system to fight a particular infection or disease

primary, antigen

a vaccine stimulate a _______________ response against the __________________ without causing symptoms of the disease

pathogens

most effective means of preventing infectious disease is avoiding exposure to __________________

infectious

TB, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, helminth infections, STD's, diarrheal diseases of infancy, malaria, influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory infections are the most frequent and serious of _____________________ diseases

nonspecific (fever, rapid pulse, muscle aches, malaise, inflammation)

many infectious diseases present as _____________________ syndromes

true

true/false: a history + physical exam may be sufficient for diagnosing an infectious disease

secretions, pain

site of infection may be indicated by abnormal _____________________ and location/quality of ________________

regular inflammation if area blanches when you press on it, infection if area stays red when you press on it

how can you tell if a red area is normal post-surgical inflammation or an infection?

false (not specific)

true/false: most common tests used to identify a disease as infectious are specific

body temp, white blood cell counts

to identify an infectious disease, measure __________________ and ___________________

bacterial, viral, parasitic

what type of infectious disease:

elevated neutrophils = _________________ disease

elevated lymphocytes = __________________ disease

elevated eosinophils = __________________ disease

bacterial (and fungal)

a direct culture of organisms is most commonly used for ___________________ diseases

virus(es)

molecular testing is replacing culture for detection of _________________

bacteria, virus(es)

a culture is used to detect __________________

molecular testing is used to detect ____________________

few

very ___________ microorganisms cause disease

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, multicellular helminths

5 microorganisms that can cause disease

parasitic worm

what is a multicellular helminth?

bacteria are self-sustaining

main difference between bacteria and viruses

take a probiotic at the same time (counteracts diarrhea that can happen, as antibiotics don't discriminate)

advice to give patients if they are taking an antibiotic

bacteria

unicellular microbial agents containing DNA and all subcellular mechanisms needed to live and reproduce

locations, numbers

bacteria cause disease when they grow in abnormal _____________________ or ___________________

find the holes in the barriers (in lungs, intestine, nasal sinuses, genitourinary tract, skin)

how do bacteria get through?

local, travel

bacteria can remain __________________ or they can __________________

thick walls, strong hairlike projections, enzymes (that dissolve interstitial tissues, toxins (that have harmful effects)

4 reasons why bacteria succeed in their invasions

pyogenic, anaerobic, zoonotic

3 types of bacterial infections

pus, no oxygen, animal host

key words for:

pyogenic bacterial infection =

anaerobic bacterial infection =

zoonotic bacterial infection =

staph, strep, toxic shock syndrome, gram positive rods, gram negative rods

name the pyogenic bacterial infections in this lecture (5)

pyogenic

staphylococcal infections are a type of _________________ bacterial infection

staph, pyogenic

impetigo, pneumonia, food poisoning, and MRSA are examples of _____________ infections, which is a type of ________________ bacterial infection

inflammatory, pus, wide, S. aureus

staphylococcus infections:

- elicit ___________________ reaction, which produces _____________

- cause ___________ variety of infectious manifestations

- most virulent variety is ________________

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

what does MRSA stand for?

resistant, hospitals, nosocomial, rapidly, destruction, death

MRSA:

- _________________ to antibiotics

- concern regarding transmission in ___________________ (____________________)

- can spread _________________ and lead to severe tissue _________________ and ______________

pyogenic

strep infections are a type of __________________ bacterial infection

true

true/false: streptococcus describes numerous species that can cause infections in humans

skin, mouth, upper respiratory tract, intestine

strep inhabits the ___________, ____________, _______________, and _________________

red blood cells

strep is classified according to its ability to cause changes in ____________________

antibiotics, surgical debridement

2 treatments for strep infections

alpha, pneumonia, beta, strep throat

there are _____________-hemolytic streptococci (ex: __________________)

and

_____________-hemolytic streptococci (ex: _________________)

beta, A

strep throat is ___________-hemolytic strep, which falls under Group ______ strep

pyogenic

toxic shock syndrome is a type of ________________ bacterial infection

staph, strep

toxic shock syndrome can come from ___________ or ___________ bacteria

true (does not just affect women)

true/false: toxic shock syndrome can affect anyone

skin wounds, surgery, tampons

3 risk factors for toxic shock syndrome

rapidly

toxic shock syndrome progresses ________________

shock, renal failure, death

3 complications of toxic shock syndrome

pyogenic

gram-positive rods are a type of __________________ bacterial infection

clostridium difficile (C. diff)

name the type of gram-positive rod that we talked about in class

C. diff

inflammation of the colon

positive, pyogenic

C. diff is a kind of gram-_________________ rod, which is a type of _________________ bacterial infection

true

true/false: patients who have C. diff are likely to get it again in the next 2-8 weeks

pyogenic

gram-negative rods are a type of __________________ bacterial infection

E. coli

name the type of gram-negative rod that we talked about in class

negative, pyogenic

E. coli is a type of gram-________________ rod, which is a _________________ bacterial infection

Escherichia coli

what does E. coli stand for?

E. coli, by invading body tissues

the majority of bacteria in the gut is called what?

so, how does this type of bacteria cause disease?

exotoxin(s)

anaerobic bacterial infections are mediated by ____________________

exotoxin

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, bacillus anthracis

name the three types of anaerobic bacterial infections that we talked about in class

tetanus

what is the infection that clostridium tetani causes?

nerve-muscle

C. tetani toxin diffuses throughout the body and stimulates the __________-___________ junction

relax, diaphragm (can't breathe)

in tetanus, the muscles cannot ________________. this is especially problematic if it spreads to the __________________ muscle --> death

botulism

C. botulinum causes what?

anaerobic

tetanus, caused by clostridium tetani, is a type of ___________________ bacterial infection

anaerobic

C. botulinum, which causes botulism, is a type of __________________ bacterial infection

botulism

which type of anaerobic bacterial infection: exotoxin paralyses muscles by locking the nerve-muscle junction

muscle, nerve-muscle

botulism is characterized by ______________ paralysis because the bacteria blocks the ____________-______________ junction

improperly canned vegetables and meats

common way for botulism to spread

bulging out

if a can looks this way, it could contain C. botulinum and cause botulism

anaerobic

bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax, is a type of _________________ bacterial infection

anthrax

bacillus anthracis causes what?

livestock, inhalation

how can anthrax be acquired?

eradicate, cure

antibiotics ________________ anthrax bacterium, but do not _____________ the disease

bacteria

most common source of zoonotic diseases

identified, treated

zoonotic bacterial diseases can be very serious if not _________________ and ________________ in time to prevent complications

zoonotic

Lyme disease, rabies, typhus, salmonella, plague, and rocky mountain spotted fever are examples of __________________ bacterial diseases

zoonotic, animals, chicken

salmonella is a type of _______________ bacterial disease contracted from _______________, especially ____________________

salmonella

which type of zoonotic bacterial infection: enteritis characterized by severe, profuse diarrhea

transmitted from rodents

why is plague a zoonotic bacterial disease?

zoonotic

plague is a type of _________________ bacterial disease

bubonic plague

which type of zoonotic bacterial infection: swollen lymph nodes, necrosis of fingers/toes/nose, hemorrhagic vomiting

lungs

in pneumonic plague, bacteria gain access to the ______________

smaller

viruses are much ___________________ than bacteria