ToP- Egalitarianism

What do distributive egalitarians seek to equalise?

a currency

Which three currencies dominate distributive egalitarian debate?

resources, welfare and capabilities

What scenario does Dworkin use to develop resource equality?

shipwrecked people on an island

What does Dworkin's envy test require?

no one prefers another person's bundle

What mechanism can implement Dworkin's envy test?

an auction

What is equalised at the start of Dworkin's auction?

spending power

Why does the auction make allocation sensitive to people's preferences?

people bid more for bundles they value more

What inequality remains after the auction?

inequality in talent

What mechanism does Dworkin use to address talent inequality?

insurance compensation

What problem do expensive tastes create for resource egalitarianism?

resources may not capture the cost of satisfying them

What kind of expensive taste does Cohen's arms example illustrate?

a costly use of otherwise functional resources

Why would the resource view not compensate Cohen's person with painful arms?

the problem concerns welfare rather than resources

What does Cohen's cold-weather example reveal about egalitarian intuition?

we care about welfare

What attraction does welfare have as an egalitarian currency?

it incorporates unlucky tastes

What does Cohen's wheelchair example challenge about welfare equality?

compensation need not depend on comparative welfare

Why should a person with paralysed legs receive a wheelchair on Cohen's argument?

because of the disability itself

What does Tiny Tim's happiness reveal about welfare as a currency?

high welfare does not remove the intuition to compensate disability

Why does the Tiny Tim case challenge welfare equality?

we would still regard a free wheelchair as appropriate

What hybrid solution is suggested between resources and welfare?

meet resource needs then equalise welfare

What example illustrates the distinction between capability and actual use?

the capability to eat healthily

What question does the vegetable example raise about capabilities?

whether resources should continue when the capability is never used

What phrase does Cohen use for his preferred egalitarian currency?

equality of access to advantage

What form of equality does Arneson support?

equality of opportunity for welfare

What does Nagel's two-children case illustrate?

priority to those facing greater inequality

What does the Nagel case suggest about welfare maximisation?

egalitarian concern can override aggregate maximisation

What distinguishes option luck from brute luck?

option luck follows chosen gambles, brute luck does not

Which type of luck do luck egalitarians regard as unfair?

brute luck

What responsibility principle underlies luck egalitarianism?

people should bear the consequences of responsible choices

What problem does free will create for luck egalitarianism?

responsibility for choices is difficult to isolate

Why can structural inequality complicate responsibility?

it shapes character and choices

Why might expensive tastes count as brute luck?

they can arise without choice and make welfare harder to satisfy

Why might expensive tastes nevertheless not merit compensation?

they may reflect an already privileged resource position

What social factor can produce expensive tastes beyond individual choice?

social class

What does Anderson's negligent-driver example challenge?

whether compassion is compatible with luck egalitarianism

How can a luck egalitarian respond to the negligent-driver case?

other values can justify helping

What broader ethical position allows compassion to supplement equality?

value pluralism

What does Wolff call the problematic exposure produced by luck egalitarian distinctions?

shameful revelation

who describes the problematic exposure produced by luck egalitarian distinctions ‘shameful revelation’

wolff

What distinction can generate shame among unemployed people?

option luck versus brute luck

What does Anderson say luck egalitarianism mislocates?

the source of disadvantage

who says luck egalitarianism mislocates the source of disadvantage

Anderson

What does Anderson favour instead of merely compensating bad brute luck?

addressing structural causes

What accessibility example illustrates Anderson's structural criticism?

making society accessible

What concern follows if identity-based disadvantage is treated as brute luck?

people may be blamed for their identity

What is the central concern of relational egalitarianism?

equal social relations

What social arrangement does relational egalitarianism reject?

hierarchy

What status does relational egalitarianism seek?

equal social status

Why might relational egalitarians still redistribute resources?

to secure equal social relations

What does Anderson think luck egalitarianism prioritises wrongly?

the talentless over the oppressed

Why can some resource inequalities be acceptable relationally?

they need not create unequal social relations

What example allows a resource inequality without relational inequality?

an earthquake

What moral hazard can arise when relational equality corrects option luck?

people may gamble knowing losses will be redistributed

What deeper problem does the justification of relational equality sometimes face?

the underlying value seems deeper than social relations

What do telic egalitarians value equality for?

its intrinsic value

What do deontic egalitarians value equality for?

something else such as justice or fairness

Which theorist is given as an example of deontic egalitarianism?

Rawls

What does the heaven-and-hell example show about equality alone?

equal states can be equally good or equally terrible

What is the Levelling-Down Problem?

making some worse off to achieve equality

Why can levelling-down seem preferable from equality alone?

everyone reaches the same level

What broader position can reject levelling-down despite equality favouring it?

pluralism

What principle does Temkin identify as an intuitive reason for rejecting levelling-down?

the Person-Affecting principle

What problem does Temkin raise for the Person-Affecting principle?

precarious personal identity

What further intuition can conflict with the Person-Affecting response?

desert

What is the Person-Affecting Principle

actions can only be considered good or bad if they are good or bad for someone