applied animal health and welfare 1- nursing model framework for planning care

what is biomedical model

traditionally utilised by doctors and veterinarians. The

focus is on the patient seen as a collection of anatomical parts and physiological systems.

The patient defined by their illness rather than a person/animal with psychosocial needs that are affected by their environment.

When nurses started to realise their role in patient care, they became disenchanted with the medical model, recognising that patients were individuals and would react differently to disease processes

Student vets and doctors are taught how to assess their patient using the SOAP structure.

what is soap assessment

subjective

objective

assessment made from data gained

plan care

what is subjective

The presenting complaint, purpose of the visit to the practice (lame, bite wound etc.)

objective

Vital signs, clinical examination, lab results…

assessment made from data gained

Medical diagnosis or differentials (what it might be)

plan care

Treatment, care, further investigation (radiographs etc.)

Under the Animal Welfare Act 2006, Owners and keepers of animals are responsible to ensure the following FIVE needs are met;

-for a suitable environment (place to live)

• for a suitable diet

• to exhibit normal behaviour patterns

• to be housed with, or apart from, other animals (if applicable)

• to be protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease

what is a model of care

model is smth that is a more simplistic way to represent reality. A model of nursing care is structured format of providing more standardised nursing care

model of care - systematic, based on evidence , related to concepts theories and values

all modes are based on beliefs and values related to

a)The individual

b) Health

c) Environment

d) Nursing

nursing process is

systematic approach to caring for our patients

provide a structure to follow

Roper, Logan & Tierney’s (RLT)

model is based on the 12 activities of living – The patient is assessed against the 12activities; the nurse decides through the assessment whether the patient can independently carry out the activity or whether nursing care is required.

The assessment of the 12 activities mostly

relates to assessment of veterinary patient needs

Orem’s Model of Self Care

can also be adapted to a certain extent for veterinary

patients. The model focuses on the assessment of the patient’s ability to self-care. There are 8 ‘self-care requisites’ – what

can the patient do for themselves, and what do they need help with or care from the nurse.

Often the ability of the patient is affected by the illness or health deficit.

The self-care deficits are identified, and a care plan is drawn up.

Peplau’s developmental or interpersonal model

worked mainly with patients suffering from mental health problems.

building a relationship with the patient upmost importance.

not advocate a checklist form of assessment but describes four stages which closely relate to the four stages of the early nursing process format.

Orientation –

assessment phase – getting to know the patient

Identification –

planning phase – the patient starts to trust the nurse and what

they can do for them

4 stages of peplau developmental or interpersonal model

Orientation –

Identification –

explotation

resolution

Exploitation –

– implementation phase – the patient takes advantage of the nurse’s skills and both move forwards to mutually recognized goals

Resolution –

the patient gets better and no longer requires nursing input.

The Orpet & Jeffery Ability Model 2007 (Orpet and Welsh 2011)

The assessment phase is structured around the ‘abilities’ of the animal. What is the animal able to do or not do by

itself?

10 ‘abilities’ were selected as the basic requirements for an animal to function.

able to eat, drink and eliminate but also to express normal behaviour.

application of model when a patient is admitted what do we need to think?

certain questions are required to ensure correct info is obtained

completed by consent form or from consult with VS

constanly take measurements; temp, respiration rate, oxygen saturation and evaluate organ function - measurement = electrolytes,enzyme etc .

should kwno normal values

some other models of nursing care: Virginia Henderson Fundamental Needs Theory:

The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that s/he would perform unaided if s/he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help her/him

gain independence as rapidly as possible. She identified 14 fundamental needs

universal human needs model

Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioural System Model

Johnson’s model focuses on a behavioural system (the patient), its subsystems, and its environment

behavioural system model

Betty Neuman’s Systems Model

Neuman’s model focuses on the person as a complete system, the subparts of which are

interrelated physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, spiritual, and developmental factors.

health care system model

Imogen King’s Interaction model

A conceptual system with the goal of nursing bringing focused on bringing a person closer

to a healthy state. It has three interacting systems, the personal, the interpersonal, and

the social.

model of care ?

system of care , not rigid , but flexible and adaptable reflecting current practice and research

model of care should be

systematic

based on evidence

related to concepts

related to theories and values

why use models of care

less conflict between nurses on care required

incorporates care given by other members of team

consistency in care given

gives directions in nursing care

guides decisions making

models of care - human nursing

roper , logan and tierney

orem

peplau

roper , logan tierney - 5 main parts

activities of living

-Activities of Living (ALs).

• The patient's lifespan.

• Dependence-Independence continuum.

• Factors influencing the Activities of Living.

• Individuality in Living.

orems

models of self care

-Support of life processes & normal functioning

• Maintenance of normal growth & development

• Prevention and control of disease & injury

• Prevention of, or compensation for, disability

• Promotion of well being.

peplau

interpersonal/ interaction (developmental) model

orems universal self care requisities

Essential to Orem’s model are the 8 activities that are essential to attain self-care;

-The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air

-The maintenance of a sufficient intake of water

-The maintenance of a sufficient intake of food

-The provision of care associated with elimination processes & excrements

-The maintenance of a balance between activity & rest

-The maintenance of a balance between solitude & social interaction

-The prevention of hazards to life

-The promotion of functioning & development within social groups, and the desire to be ‘normal’.

peplau interpersonal model nursing is

an interpersonal process between patient and nurse

Orpet & Jeffery Ability Model

Is the animal able to …..

1. eat an adequate amount

2. drink an adequate amount

3. urinate normally

4. defecate normally

5. breath normally

6. maintain body temperature

7. groom itself

8. mobilise adequately

9. sleep/rest

10. express normal behaviour (interact normally)

other factos needd to be taken into account as they may affect the care provided

-Cultural differences

• Owner compliance

• Financial implications