HUMAN FACTOR MODELS

HUMAN PERFORMANCE

In these examples, which one would likely cause a worker's inability to work properly? 

• Due to cold weather 

• Due to warm weather 

• Due to hot weather 

Due to hot weather

A type of peer pressure that involves an individual being exposed to certain behaviors, trends, or choices of others. This is when someone is exposed to the  action of one or more peers and is left to choose whether they want to follow along 

• Spoken peer pressure 

• Direct peer pressure 

• Unspoken peer pressure

Unspoken peer pressure

In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements which will vary according to age and gender groups.

• Fuel requirements

• Physical size and shape

• Input characteristic
  
  

Physical size and shape

A component of the SHELL Model consists of the people operating in the aviation system. This includes the flight crews, cabin personnel, ground crew, scheduler, dispatcher, maintenance workers, management, and administration personnel. It also considers the user's cognitive and physical performance, capabilities, and limitations. 

• Hardware

• Software

• Liveware

Liveware

It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired.

• Long Term Memory

• Episodic Memory

• Semantic Memory

Semantic Memory

Relationships with other people, shortage of manpower, lack of supervision, and lack of support from managers are under what element of the SHELL model?

• Liveware

• Hardware

• Environment

Liveware

Not enough tools, inappropriate equipment, and poor aircraft design for maintainability are under what element of the SHELL model?

• Hardware

• Liveware

• Software

Hardware

the human operator and the machine. It involves comparing and matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit, or equipment with the anthropological needs of the users. Also involves considering the different tasks to be performed during normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.

• Liveware - Environment

• Liveware Hardware

• Liveware Software

Liveware Hardware

A human factor program that focuses on the criteria necessary to complete a job such as tools, equipment, materials, technical manuals, the number and qualification of the staff, the amount of time allocated, and the level of communication.

• Resources

• Environment

• People

Resources

Human senses that are responsible for collecting vital tasks and environmental-related information are subject to limitations and degradation.

• Environmental tolerances

• Input characteristics

• Output characteristics

Input characteristics

Misinterpretation of procedures, badly written manuals, poorly designed checklists, untested or difficult to use computer software are under what element of the SHELL model?

• Liveware

• Software

• Hardware

Software

Also known as sensory storage, it describes the examination of the role of sensory stores. It has a duration of up to 2 seconds (depending on the sense), and is used as buffers - giving us time to attend sensory input.

• Ultra Short Term Memory

• Long Term Memory

• Short Term Memory

Ultra Short Term Memory

The environment component that includes the physical environment outside the immediate work area such as weather, terrain, and congested airspace. It also includes physical infrastructure including airports, as well as the organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social elements.

• External environment

• Internal environment

• All of the choices are correct.

External environment

A type of peer pressure that is very specific to a behaviour-based conformity. This is when a person uses verbal or non-verbal cues to persuade someone to do something.

• Unspoken peer pressure

• Spoken peer pressure

• Direct peer pressure

Direct peer pressure

A type of peer pressure that involves one individual or a group asking another individual to participate in some type of behaviour. This is when someone verbally influences another person to do something.

• Spoken peer pressure

• Direct peer pressure

• Unspoken peer pressure

Spoken peer pressure

An interaction between the human operator and any person in the aviation system during the performance of associated tasks. It encompasses the interrelationship amongst the individuals within and between the different operator groups.

• Liveware - Software

• Liveware - Liveware

• Liveware - Hardware

Liveware - Liveware

A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs.

• PEAR Model

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• SHELL Model

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The SHEL model of human factors takes into account

• Software, hardware, environment and location

• Software, hardware, efficiency and liveware

• Software, hardware, environment and liveware

Software, hardware, environment and liveware

Maslow classified this into two categories - the high regard for oneself (e.g. dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g. status, prestige). What hierarchy of needs does this belong to?

• Esteem Needs

• Self-Actualization Needs

• Safety Needs

Esteem Needs

After perceiving and processing information, the output involves

making a decision, taking action, and verification through a feedback loop to ensure proper action was taken.

• Input characteristics

• Output characteristics

• Information processing

Output characteristics

Humans require food, water, and oxygen to function efficiently. Any deficits can affect cognitive function, physical performance, and emotional well-being

• Fuel requirements

• Physical size and shape

• Input characteristics

Fuel requirements

An interaction that occurs between the human operator, and the internal & external environments. It involves adapting the environment to match the human requirements

• Liveware - Environment

• Liveware - Hardware

• Liveware - Software

Liveware - Environment

It receives a proportion of the information into sensory stores and allows us to store information long enough to use it. It can store only a relatively small amount of information at one time. It refers to the storage of information that will be stored temporarily and soon forgotten.

• Ultra Short Term Memory

• Short Term Memory

• Long Term Memory

Short Term Memory

An action which is intended but does not achieve the intended outcome due to knowledge deficits

• Skill-based Error

• Rule-based Mistake

• Knowledge-based Mistake

Knowledge-based Mistake

An error that occurs when the behavior or action of the operator proceeds as intended, yet the chosen plan proves inadequate to achieve the desired end state and results in an unsafe situation or inaccurate/incomplete knowledge of the problem.

• Decision Error

• Perceptual Error

• Skill-based Error

Decision Error

An interaction between the human operator and the non-physical supporting systems that exist within the workplace. They involve designing software to match the interaction of the human users, ensuring that the software is capable of being implemented and addressing the human system behaviours.

• Liveware - Environment

• Liveware - Hardware

• Liveware - Software

Liveware - Software

The error chain theory refers to

A chain of errors within an organization can be investigated, and similar errors prevented by determining a common link between them.

Errors are caused by a chain of linked events, and the breaking of one link in the chain will prevent the error.

A company is only as good as its weakest employee or employees, and removal of that/those employees from the chain should prevent errors

Errors are caused by a chain of linked events, and the breaking of one link in the chain will prevent the error.

It is considered to be the storage and retention of information, experience and knowledge, as well as ability to retrieve information.

• Memory

• Long Term Memory

• Short Term Memory

Memory

When a worker forgets to put a sealant, what error did he commit?

• Omission

• Extraneous

• Commission

Omission

Humans have limitations such as working memory capacity, time, and retrieval considerations. These limitations can influence individuals to make false hypotheses degrading decision making.

• Information processing

• Input characteristics

• Output characteristics

Information processing

Uncomfortable workplace, inadequate hangar space, extreme temperatures, excessive noise and poor lighting are under what element of the SHELL model?

• Software

• Liveware

• Environment

Environment

On the bottom of the hierarchy of needs, which is the most basic need to satisfy?

• Self-actualization

• Esteem Needs

• Physiological Needs

Physiological Needs

First thing to do when engaging in an important discussion with an aircraft engineer?

• Talk (Verbal)

• Write

• Listen

Listen

An error that occurs when an operator sensory input is degraded and a decision is made based upon faulty information (misjudges the distance, depth, speed, spatial disorientation, and visual illusions).

• Perceptual Error

• Decision Error

• Skill-based Error

Perceptual Error

Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear belong to what hierarchy of needs?

• Love and Belongingness Needs

• Safety Needs

• Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

A type of peer pressure that can challenge individuals to do something they may not usually do and engage in such behaviours because others are doing it - so it's a way to belong.

• Direct peer pressure

• Negative peer pressure

• Positive peer pressure

Negative peer pressure

A condition wherein you can see objects that are near to you clearly, but have difficulty seeing objects that are far away.

• Presbyopia

• Hypermetropia

• Myopia

Myopia

They are the people who you socialize with, or someone who is like someone else often shares similar histories, ages, abilities, and characteristics

• Peer pressure

• Peer group

• Peers

Peers

The type of memory which is most easily influenced by a person's expectations of what should have happened is the

• Semantic Memory

• Long Term Memory

• Episodic Memory

Episodic Memory

A type of fatigue that is induced by the cumulative effects of fatigue over the longer term.

• Acute Fatigue

• Chronic Fatigue

• Mental Fatigue

Chronic Fatigue

A violation which has become the normal way of doing something within the person's work group, or a habitual action on the part of the operator that is tolerated by the governing authority.

• Situational Violation

• Exceptional Violation

• Routine Violation

Routine Violation

A type of fatigue that is induced by long duty periods or

by a series of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short period.

• Mental Fatigue

• Chronic Fatigue

• Acute Fatigue

Acute Fatigue

Aviation maintenance human factors programs that focus on the people who perform the work, or who perform the job and address physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors.

• Action

• People

• Resources

People

An error that occurs when doing the task incorrectly or doing the wrong thing.

• Violations

• Error of Commission

• Error of Omission

Error of Commission

After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, humans need interpersonal relationships that motivate behaviors including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and receiving & giving affection. What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?

• Love and Belongingness Needs

• Esteem Needs

• Self-Actualization Needs

Love and Belongingness Needs

A condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly, but near objects appear blurry.

• Presbyopia

• Myopia

• Hypermetropia

Hypermetropia

A team differs from a group because a team?

• Has individual accountability.

• Is strongly dependent.

• Share goals and collectively succeed and fail.

Share goals and collectively succeed and fail.

A type of fatigue that is a result of emotional stress even with sufficient physical rest, like the disturbance of body rhythms.

• Mental Fatigue

• Acute Fatigue

• Chronic Fatigue

Mental Fatigue

A type of peer pressure that is less invasive. No one is singling you out, but the environment you are in may influence you to do something.

• Direct peer pressure

• Spoken peer pressure 

• Indirect peer pressure

Indirect peer pressure

An accident causation model that explains how hazards can pass through multiple layers of defense in a system to cause accidents.

• PEAR Model

• Error Chain

• Swiss Cheese Model

Swiss Cheese Model

A violation which involves breaking the rules for kicks. These are often quite unrelated to the actual task where the person just uses opportunity to satisfy a personal need.

• Situational Violation

• Optimizing Violation

• Exceptional Violation

Optimizing Violation

The environment component that relates to the immediate work area and includes physical factors such as cabin/cockpit temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration, and ambient light levels

• External environment

• All of the choices are correct.

• Internal environment

Internal environment

An error which occurs in the operator execution of a routine, highly practiced task relating to procedure, training or proficiency, and results in an unsafe situation when the action made is not what was intended (ex. fail to practice attention, checklist error, negative habit, etc.).

• Knowledge-based Mistake

• Skill-based Error

• Rule-based Mistake

Skill-based Error

A factor that leads to human error in detecting a hazard but not correcting it, removing safeguards, and ignoring safety rules.

• Inappropriate Response

• Overload

• Inappropriate Activities

Inappropriate Response

A person can be motivated by values that go beyond the personal self (mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, and the pursuit of science and religious faith). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?

• Aesthetic Needs

• Cognitive Needs

• Transcendence Needs

Transcendence Needs

 A component of SHELL Model that includes the context in which aircraft and the aviation operational system resources function are made up of physical, organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social variables that impact the worker/operator

• Software

• Liveware

• Environment

Environment

The error classification occurs in unique and unfamiliar situations, and the error results from inadequate analysis or decision making.

• Rule-based

• Skill-based

• Knowledge-based

Knowledge-based

Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form belong to what hierarchy of needs?

• Transcendence Needs

• Cognitive Needs

• Aesthetic Needs

Aesthetic Needs

How can error chains be prevented?

• Leaving everyone open to committing an error.

• Break just one link of the chain by using appropriate CRM concepts.

• Avoid individual failure to recognize potential hazards.

Break just one link of the chain by using appropriate CRM concepts.

A violation that occurs due to the particular factors that exist at the time such as time pressure, high workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tooling, and poor working conditions - where in order to get the job done, the engineer considers that a procedure cannot be followed.

• Exceptional Violation

• Routine Violation

• Situational Violation

Situational Violation

 A factor that leads to human error in performing tasks without the requisite training and misjudging risks.

• Overload

• Inappropriate Response

• Inappropriate Activities

Inappropriate Activities

It appears to be unlimited. It is used to store information that is not currently being used including knowledge of the physical world and objects within it, personal experiences, belief about people, social norms, motor programmes, problem solving skills, and plans for achieving various activities. It refers to the storage of information for an extended period of time.

• Ultra Short Term Memory

• Long Term Memory

• Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning, and predictability belong to what hierarchy of needs?

• Cognitive Needs

• Transcendence Needs

• Aesthetic Needs

Cognitive Needs

On the hierarchy of needs, which one helps us realize our full potential in life?

• Esteem Needs

• Self-actualization

• Safety Needs

Self-actualization

A human factor program that carefully analyzes all the actions that must be performed to complete a job efficiently and safely

• People

• Environment

• Action

Action

A component of SHELL Model that includes the physical elements of the aviation operational system such as aircraft (including controls, surfaces, display, functional system and seating), operator equipment, tools, materials, building, vehicles, computer, conveyor belts, etc

• Software

• Liveware

• Hardware

Hardware

An action that matches intentions but does not achieve their intended outcome due to incorrect application of a rule or inadequacy of the plan.

• Rule-based Mistake

• Knowledge-based Mistake

• Skill-based Error

Rule-based Mistake

These are errors typically associated with misclassification of situations leading to the application of the wrong rule or with the incorrect recall of procedures.

• Skill-based

• Knowledge-based

• Rule-based

Rule-based

Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences - a desire to become everything one is capable of becoming belongs to what hierarchy of needs?

• Physiological Needs

• Esteem Needs

• Self-Actualization Needs

Self-Actualization Needs

These are biological requirements for human survival (air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, and sleep). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to?

• Physiological Needs

• Safety Needs

• Esteem Needs

Physiological Needs

A component of SHELL Model that includes the non-physical, intangible aspects of aviation which regulate the operational structure and how system information is organised, presented, and transferred to the people operating within the system.

• Environment

• Liveware

• Software

Software

A human factor program that focuses on the area in which they work, It includes a physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar, or in the shop, and the organization that exists within the company.

• People

• Environment

• Action

Environment

What is peer group pressure?

• The influence the supervisor has over an employee

• The influence an individual has over a group of people.

• Our behavior is influenced by our friends and colleagues

Our behavior is influenced by our friends and colleagues

An error that occurs when doing the task in the wrong order of execution (out of order).

• Error of Omission

• Error of Commission

• Sequence Error

Sequence Error

The inability for the eyes to accommodate sufficiently is known as

• Hypermetropia

• Myopia

• Presbyopia

Presbyopia

An error that occurs when doing the task too slow, too fast, or too late.

• Sequence Error

• Timing Error

• Error of Omission

Timing Error

In order for people to function effectively, the environment must be maintained within an optimal window, and therefore their performance and well-being is affected by physical environment factors such as temperature, vibration, and noise.

• Output characteristics

• Environmental tolerances

• Input characteristics

Environmental tolerances

 A factor that leads to human error that includes environmental factors (ex. noise, distractions, etc.), internal factors (personal problems) and situational factors (instructions not clear, risk level is too high, etc.).

• Overload

• Inappropriate Activities

• Inappropriate Response

Overload

Which one does not belong to the Dirty Dozen?

• Distraction

• Pressure

• Nutritional Form

Nutritional Form

According to Maslow, safety needs (protection from potentially dangerous objects or situations)

• Is the last need of humans after all other needs have been satisfied.

• Is the most primal need of humans.

• Is second only to physiological needs (food, drink, oxygen etc.).

Is second only to physiological needs (food, drink, oxygen etc.).

The desire of an individual to conform to a group by allowing one's opinions, attitudes and actions to be affected by prevailing conditions is known as

• Peer pressure

• Esteem needs

• Culture issues

Peer pressure

These are errors associated with intrinsic variability of force, space, or time coordination.

• Knowledge-based

• Rule-based

• Skill-based

Skill-based

A type of peer pressure that is felt in one-on-one situations or groups that yields positive results and healthier lifestyle choices. This is when a person is influenced by others to engage in beneficial or productive behaviour.

• Negative peer pressure

• Direct peer pressure

• Positive peer pressure

Positive peer pressure

Are deliberate actions which may need correction through disciplinary

procedures when somebody did something knowing it to be against the rules or deliberately failing to follow proper procedures.

• Errors

• Violations

• Mistakes

Violations

What are the different levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

• Physiological, love and belongingness, safety, esteem, self-actualization

• Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

• Physiological, safety, esteem, love and belongingness, self-actualization

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

It is the most hazardous and known to have significant

effects upon performance and have no place within the aviation maintenance environment.

• Fatigue

• Medication

• Alcohol

Fatigue

Same thought when describing de-motivation?

• Pressure

• Fatigue

• Stress

Stress

An unintentional violation caused by knowledge and skill deficiencies.

• Errors

• Mistakes

• Violation

Errors

An error that occurs when forgetting to do something, ignoring to do it deliberately, or not doing the required thing.

• Error of Omission

• Error of Commission

• Violations

Error of Omission

A violation which is typified by particular tasks or operating circumstances that makes the violation inevitable, or violations which are isolated departure from authority that are neither typical of the individual nor condoned by management.

• Situational Violation

• Routine Violation

• Exceptional Violation

Exceptional Violation