Biology Unit 2

Haploid cell

The cell contains single chromosomes with no matching partners.

Diploid cell

The cell contains pairs of matching chromosomes.

Cell Cycle

Continuous sequence of growth and division of a cell.

Interphase

Longest phase. Includes G1, S, G2, and G0 phase.

G1 Phase

Growth, organelle & protein synthesis

S Phase

DNA Replication

G2

Growth, checking to see if cell is ready for division/mitosis.

G0 Phase

No growth, cell at rest.

Chromatin

Loosely coiled DNA

Chromosomes

Tightly coiled DNA

Histones

DNA tightly coils around this protein (Histones) to create chromosomes.

Mitosis

Division of a cell’s nucleus.

Prophase

DNA condenses from chromatin to chromosomes, and the nucleus begins to disappear, and spindle fibers begin to form.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle and a really short phase.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by centrioles and spindle fibers.

Telophase

Cell membrane begins to pinch in the middle, new nucleus forms, chromosomes unwind back into chromatin.

Cytokinesis

Animal cells: Cell membrane pinches along the equator. Plant cells: Cell membrane doesn’t pinch, cell plate forms at the equator that divides the cytoplasm.

Purpose of mitosis

Used for growth and healing

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth

Causes of cancer

Cancer occurs if a mutation causes the cell to not be checked correctly during the interphase checkpoints.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the genetic information in every cell. It holds the instructions for making proteins.

Genes

A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific trait (protein).

Monomer for DNA

Nucleotide

What is in a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases.

The four nitrogenous bases for DNA and which one binds to the other

Adenine-Thymine & Guanine-Cytosine

What is the backbone or sides of the ladder?