history exam 1

What is a primary source? Provide an example

An eyewitness account or a direct object from a time period. Example: Anne Frank's Diary

What is a secondary source? Provide an example

 A document written by someone who was not there, usually analyzing primary sources. Example: A history textbook.

What is Parliament?

The law-making group of government in Great Britain, similar to Congress in the United States.

What is Divine Right?

The belief that a king or queen gets their power directly from God, meaning they answer only to God, not to their people.

What is the concept of an Absolute Monarch?

An absolute monarchy is a form of government where a king or queen has 100% total control over everything.

What is an ideology?

A system of ideas, beliefs, and values that guides a person, group, or political party.

Be able to name one of Leonardo da Vinci’s work and the meaning of it.

 The Last Supper. It shows Jesus sharing a final meal with his disciples. Its meaning focuses on human emotion, betrayal, and religious devotion.

Be able to name one of Michelangelo’s work and the meaning of it.

The Statue of David. the statue shows the biblical hero David before fighting Goliath. Its meaning represents human strength, courage, and the freedom of the city of Florence.

How did Spanish power grow under Charles V and Philip II?

 Spain grew rich and powerful by using gold and silver from its colonies in the Americas and building a massive navy to defend its Catholic empire.

How did France build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion?

After religious wars, French kings took power away from local nobles, built up a professional army, and forced everyone to answer directly to the king.

What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years War?

It was caused by religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. It resulted in the destruction of Germany, the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire, and a new agreement that allowed countries to choose their own religions.

What were some of the goals that Prussia and Austria shared?

Both wanted to build strong central governments, expand their borders, and create powerful, well-trained militaries.

How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great modernize and grow Russian power?

They Westernized Russia by building a modern military, improving education, adopting European customs, and capturing warm-water ports for trade.

What was the primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories into other kingdoms?

They wanted more wealth, more natural resources, and more power to prove their kingdom was stronger than their rivals.

What religion did Olivier Cromwell follow?

He was a strict Puritan (a type of Protestant Christian).

Name the two political parties that fought in the English Civil War.

The Cavaliers (who supported the king) and the Roundheads (who supported Parliament)

How did Oliver Cromwell's use of power, specifically in the religious aspect, seem at least as oppressive as an absolute monarch?

Cromwell banned fun activities like theater, dancing, and celebrating Christmas. He used the military to enforce his strict religious laws, making him feel just as controlling as a king.

Who was the author of The Leviathan? What were the concepts of the work?

Thomas Hobbes wrote this book. Its main concept is that humans are naturally selfish and violent, so they need a powerful king to keep them safe and orderly.

What are Locke’s three principals for mankind?

Every human has the right to life, liberty, and property.

Provide an example of censorship.

 A government burning books or banning newspapers that criticize the king or the church.

What was Voltaire known for?

An Enlightenment writer known for defending freedom of speech, freedom of religion

How did Montesquieu influence both the English and American governments?

 He created the idea of separation of powers (dividing government into three branches).

How did Mary Wollstonecraft pursue equal rights for women?

 She fought for women's rights by writing books arguing that women deserve the same education as men so they can be equal in society.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

Strict laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party, closing Boston's harbor and taking away local rule.

What did Jefferson change in Locke’s three principals in the Declaration of Independence?

 In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson changed "property" to "the pursuit of happiness" (Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness).

How did the Articles of Confederation lead to the US Constitution?

The Articles made the central government too weak to collect taxes or enforce laws. This chaos forced leaders to write the US Constitution to create a stronger, more balanced government.

How are the different branches of government checked and balanced under the Constitution?

 Each branch of government has powers to block or limit the other branches. For example, the President can veto a law passed by Congress, but Congress can override that veto.

What is popular sovereignty?

 The idea that the government gets its power from the people, usually expressed through voting.

What were the 3 phases of the French Revolution?

The Moderate Phase (peaceful changes and writing a constitution)

The Radical Phase (The Reign of Terror and executions)

The Directory Phase (a weak, moderate government before Napoleon took over)

Describe each of the Estates General.

First Estate: The Clergy (church leaders) who paid almost no taxes.

Second Estate: The Nobility (rich landowners) who paid no taxes.

Third Estate: Everyone else (peasants, workers, and merchants) who paid all the taxes.

Which Estate included the bourgeoise?

Third Estate.

Who was Robespierre?

A radical leader during the French Revolution who led the Reign of Terror, executing thousands of people he thought were against the revolution.

What/who were reactionaries?

People who oppose political progress or change and want to return society to the way things used to be in the past.

what signified the climax of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution?

the constitution of 1791

Why did most of Europe declare war on France during their Revolution?

 Foreign kings were terrified that the idea of revolution would spread to their own countries and destroy their monarchies.

What was the Napoleonic Code and what reforms did it make?

 A set of clear, uniform laws made by Napoleon. It reformed France by making all citizens equal under the law and protecting religious freedom.

How did the Russians place the French in a difficult position during the French invasion of Russia?

The Russians used a scorched-earth policy.

What eventually caused the downfall of Napoleon?

His disastrous invasion of Russia weakened his army, allowing an alliance of European nations to defeat him.

What was Waterloo?

 The final battle where Napoleon was permanently defeated by British and Prussian forces.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

a organization that was responsible for putting Europe back to the way it was after the French Revolution

What were land enclosures?

Wealthy landowners bought public lands and fenced them in, creating large private farms and forcing poor peasants to move to cities for work.

Which natural resources were the most important in industrialization?

 Coal and iron ore.

What were the positives of the industrial revolution?

Cheaper goods, faster transportation (trains), and the growth of new technologies.

What were the negatives?

Terrible factory working conditions, dangerous child labor, and extreme city pollution.

What did Adam Smith say was the ultimate goal of capitalism?

To increase national wealth through competition and self-interest.

How did Adam Smith describe free trade?

He described it as a system where governments do not interfere with business or put tariffs on imports, allowing the "invisible hand" of the market to run things.

What was the main concern of Thomas Malthus?

 He worried that the human population would grow faster than the food supply, leading to mass starvation.

According to Riccardo what is the “Iron Law of Wages”?

 The idea that because of population growth, wages for workers will always naturally drop to the lowest possible level just to keep them alive.

What is Utilitarianism?

The belief that laws and actions should be judged by how much happiness they bring to the greatest number of people.

What does John Stuart Mill state is the purpose of government?

To protect individual freedom and step in only to prevent citizens from harming one another.

What is socialism?

An economic system where society or the government owns and controls factories and resources to share wealth equally.

What is communism?

A strict form of socialism where there are no private properties, no social classes, and everything is owned by the community.

What is Nationalism?

 A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country, often believing your nation is superior to others.

What is liberalism?

A political philosophy that supports individual liberty, democracy, freedom of speech, and limiting government power.

Why was Charles X unpopular after he took over as King of France?

He tried to restore the absolute power of the monarchy and take away the rights won during the French Revolution.

What did Louis Phillipe do to live up to his name as “citizen king”?

 He dressed like an ordinary middle-class citizen and expanded voting rights to more wealthy men.

How did Louis Napoleon win the presidential election in the Second French Republic?

 He used his famous uncle’s name (Napoleon Bonaparte) to gain popularity and promised law, order, and stability.

What is universal manhood suffrage?

The right of all adult men to vote, regardless of how much money or property they own.

What did Louis Napoleon do to keep his position of power in the French government?

He used a public vote (plebiscite) to get the people to approve him transforming the republic into an Empire, making himself Emperor Napoleon III.

What was the first successful slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere?

The Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint Louverture against France.

What is Mercantilism?

An economic policy where colonies exist solely to make the parent country rich by providing raw materials and buying their manufactured goods.

Who was Simon Bolivar?

 A South American general known as "The Liberator" who fought to free countries like Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador from Spanish rule.

Who led the fight for Mexican Independence?

Father Miguel Hidalgo.

Who was responsible for Brazilian independence?

Dom Pedro, the son of the Portuguese king, who declared Brazil independent.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

 A US policy stating that European nations were no longer allowed to colonize or interfere with any countries in the Americas.

Otto von Bismarck called Germans to work together for unification in which speech?

The "Blood and Iron" speech.

What did Camillo Cavour do to unify Italy?

He used clever diplomacy and formed alliances with France to fight wars that drove Austria out of northern Italy.

What made Italian unification especially difficult?

Italy was deeply divided into independent states, and regional differences, local loyalties, and the Pope opposed unification.

Which German speaking French territories were part of the final piece of the puzzle for German unification?

 Alsace and Lorraine

Define Realpolitik.

Realistic politics based on practical needs and power, rather than morals, ideals, or laws.

What were three Victorian Values?

Duty, hard work, morals.

Name two of the reforms in the British Great Reform Act of 1832.

It gave voting rights to more middle-class men and eliminated "rotten boroughs"

Which European country held the most territory in Africa?

france

Which European country held the most territory in Asia? (This includes India)

United Kingdom

Which technological advancement in weaponry helped the British to take control of Africa?

The Maxim machine gun

What was the biggest reason Africa was not colonized by Europeans until the 1800s?

 Deadly tropical diseases (like malaria) and difficult geography kept Europeans out.

Why was the Zulu tribe one of the most powerful tribes in Africa?

They had a highly disciplined military system and brilliant battle tactics created by their leader, Shaka Zulu.

Which invention helped Europeans explore African jungle waterways?

The steamship.

What was the name of the Dutch settlers that settled in Cape Colony in South Africa?

The Boers

Which long, drawn out war did the British fight in Africa against other ethnic Europeans?

The Boer War

Describe a Pasha.

A high-ranking official or governor in the Ottoman Empire.

What did the Suez Canal accomplish?

It connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, creating a massive shortcut for ships traveling between Europe and Asia.

What was the Armenian Genocide?

The forced deportation and mass killing of around one million Christian Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Who helped Egypt become one of the most modern and powerful of the Middle Eastern states?

 Muhammad Ali

Which British company was in control of much of India before even the British Crown?

The British East India Company.

What was the British Raj?

The period of time when the British Crown directly ruled over India (from 1858 to 1947).

Explain the difference between Direct and Indirect rule. Provide an example

• Direct Rule: A European country sends its own officials to run the colony. Example: France in West Africa.

• Indirect Rule: A European country uses local chiefs and rulers to enforce their laws. Example: Britain in Nigeria.

What is the largest religion in India?

Hinduism.

List two ways the British controlled the Sepoys and how this led to the Sepoy rebellion.

The British forced Indian soldiers to serve overseas away from home,

they bit open rifle cartridges greased with cowl fat which violated Hindu religious laws.

What was the Sati.

A traditional Hindu custom where a widow threw herself onto her husband’s funeral fire. The British banned this practice.

What did the British gain by defeating the Chinese in the Opium War?

They gained the island of Hong Kong and opened several Chinese ports to British trade.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A violent anti-foreign uprising in China led by a group called the Boxers, who wanted to expel all foreigners and Christian missionaries from their country.

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

A massive peasant civil war in China aimed at overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, resulting in millions of deaths.

Who was responsible for opening Japan to modernization?

US Commodore Matthew Perry.

What was one aspect of Japan's modernization?

Japan built modern factories, constructed railroads, and created a powerful, Western-style military.

This war solidified Japanese power in Korea.

 the sino-Japanese War.