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Atomic theory
The study of atoms and electrons, also referred to as electron theory.
Electron
The orbiting part of an atom that carries a negative charge.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of atoms that participate in chemical bonding. Also known as ‘free electrons’.
Electrical Conductivity
Measures how well a material allows electric current to flow through it.
Conventional current direction
The assumed direction of current flow from positive to negative, as believed before electron flow was understood.
Closed circuit
A complete circuit connected to a source of energy, allowing current to flow.
Direct current (DC)
The flow of electric current in one direction.
Coulomb (C)
The unit of electric charge, equivalent to a specific quantity of electrons.
Ampere (A)
The unit of current, equal to the flow of one coulomb per second.
Charge (Q)
The quantity of electricity transferred, measured in coulombs (C).