FCS 281 Test III Study Guide: Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Weight Management

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cellular metabolism, energy balance, body composition, hunger regulation, and weight management strategies from the FCS 281 Test III Study Guide.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in living cells, including all the reactions by which the body produces energy from food.

Anabolic Reactions

Chemical reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones, a process that requires energy.

Catabolic Reactions

Chemical reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy in the form of ATP.

Four Breakdown Products of Energy Nutrients

Glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids.

Coenzymes

Small, non-protein, organic molecules that bind to enzymes to help catalyze chemical reactions, often acting as carriers for electrons, atoms, or functional groups.

B Vitamins (Metabolic Function)

Act as essential coenzymes that allow cells to convert carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food into usable energy.

Glycolysis

The process occurring in the cell's cytoplasm where glucose (a $6$-carbon compound) is broken down into $2$ molecules of pyruvate (a $3$-carbon compound) without requiring oxygen.

Reversibility of Glucose and Pyruvate Conversions

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is reversible, whereas the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is not reversible.

TCA Cycle

A metabolic process located in the mitochondria that harvests high-energy electrons by oxidizing acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide.

Electron Transport Chain & TCA Cycle Goal

To harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels into electron carriers.

Excess Acetyl-CoA

The molecule used to synthesize fat when excess ATP is formed and energy is not needed.

20-Carbon Fatty Acid Yield

Yields $10$ acetyl-CoA molecules through metabolic breakdown.

Anaerobic Pyruvate Byproducts

Lactate, lactic acid, or ethanol, which form from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions.

Ketones

Acid byproducts produced in the liver when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of using glucose.

Energy Balance

The state in which energy intake equals energy expenditure, resulting in stable body weight.

Caloric Equivalent of One Pound of Fat

One pound of body fat is equivalent to $3500\,\text{kcal}$.

Appetite

The psychological response to the sight, smell, or thought of food that initiates eating.

Satiation

The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal, signaling the end of eating.

Satiety

The feeling of satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.

Hypothalamus

The control center of the brain responsible for regulating water balance, body temperature, and appetite.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A rare, complex disorder caused by the loss of function of specific active genes on chromosome $15$, which disrupts the hypothalamus and affects growth, metabolism, appetite, and behavior.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body expends energy to maintain basic vital life functions, influenced by genetics and lifestyle.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measurement based on height and weight used to evaluate whether an individual is underweight, overweight, or at a healthy weight.

Healthy BMI Range

A calculated Body Mass Index between $18.5$ and $24.99$.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Health Risks

Impaired ability to fight infection, decreased hormone production, anovulation in females, heart failure, and risk of death from malnutrition before underlying chronic diseases.

Fat-Cell Theory

The theory stating that body fat amount reflects the number and size of fat cells; when weight is lost, fat cells shrink in size but do not decrease in number.

Set-Point Theory

The theory proposing that following either weight loss or weight gain, the body actively works to return to its previous baseline weight.

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that acts as a satiety signal to inhibit food intake.

Ghrelin

A hormone produced primarily by the stomach that stimulates hunger and initiates eating.

Safe Weight Loss Strategy

A recommended loss of $1\text{--}2\,\text{pounds}$ per week, achieved by establishing an energy deficit of $500\,\text{kcal}$ per day through diet, exercise, or a combination of both ($250\,\text{kcal}$ diet reduction plus $250\,\text{kcal}$ burned).

Bariatric Surgery

A group of surgical procedures performed on the digestive system to help people with obesity lose weight and improve comorbidities like type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

where does TCA cycle occur in the cell?

mitochondria

in starvation, how does the body maintain a constant supply of glucose to the cells?

liver

if you lose weight and gain it back, do you gain more fat tissue or muscle tissue

fat tissue

how do you increase muscle?

combine progressive resistance training with a high-protein diet and adequate recovery

how does the body get energy in a fasting situation?

glycogen breakdown

triggers for eating

stress, anxiety, depression, boredom

desicribe ways to increase BMR

increase,execise,stress,illness,thyroid, growing

describe situations that decrease BMR

decrease in exercise, fasting/starvation and aging

Describe parameters of energy requirements

Gender,growth,age,physical activity,body compositon and size

Define BMI and its’ relationship to health

Bmi determines weither you are under over or at a healthy weight based of height and weight

Describe health risks of underweight (PEM )

Fight infection poorly, decrease in hormone production, females do not ovulate, heart failure , patients with chronic disease may die of malnutrition before disease itself, Not enough energy to support life

Describe health risks of overweight

Obesity is now a disease itself, increase in chd, increase in type 2 diabetes,sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, respiratory problems

Percent of adults  and kids in US  who are overweight or obese

50-65% of adults

15-20% of kids

Describe comorbid diseases due to overweight and obesity: physical and psychological

Physical-hypertension, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis