KMC Manipal Community Medicine PYQ Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering tuberculosis management, epidemiology, levels of prevention, and public health indicators based on Community Medicine lecture notes.

Presumptive Pulmonary TB

A patient presenting with cough for $2$ weeks or more, fever for $2$ weeks or more, significant weight loss, night sweats, haemoptysis, or chest pain.

CBNAAT / TrueNat

Upfront molecular tests used to detect MTB and check for Rifampicin resistance.

Drug-Sensitive TB (DS-TB) Regimen

A daily fixed-dose combination treatment consisting of an intensive phase ($2HRZE$) for $2$ months and a continuation phase ($4HRE$) for $4$ months.

H (Isoniazid)

A first-line anti-tubercular drug used in both intensive and continuation phases of DS-TB treatment.

R (Rifampicin)

A primary first-line anti-tubercular drug; resistance to this drug indicates MDR/RR-TB.

Z (Pyrazinamide)

A first-line anti-tubercular drug used during the $2$-month intensive phase of treatment.

E (Ethambutol)

A first-line anti-tubercular drug used throughout both the intensive ($2$ months) and continuation ($4$ months) phases.

BPaLM Regimen

The preferred regimen for eligible MDR/RR-TB patients aged $\ge 14$ years, consisting of Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin for $26\text{--}39$ weeks.

Child Contact Chemoprophylaxis

Isoniazid administered at $10\,mg/kg/day$ for $6$ months to children below $5$ years who are household contacts of a pulmonary TB patient, after ruling out active TB.

Ni-kshay

The web-based portal used for TB case notification, registration, and nutritional support (Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana) in India.

End TB Strategy Vision

A world free of TB: zero deaths, zero disease, and zero suffering due to TB.

NTEP Strategic Pillars

The four pillars are Detect, Treat, Prevent, and Build.

Natural History of Disease

The way in which a disease evolves over time from the earliest stage of its occurrence to its final outcome in the absence of treatment.

Pre-pathogenesis Phase

The period before the onset of disease where the interaction of agent, host, and environment creates conditions for disease occurrence.

Primordial Prevention

Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in populations where they have not yet appeared.

Primary Prevention

Action taken before the onset of disease to prevent its occurrence through health promotion and specific protection.

Secondary Prevention

Action taken at an early stage of disease to stop progression and prevent complications through early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Tertiary Prevention

Action taken after disease has developed to reduce disability and improve quality of life through disability limitation and rehabilitation.

Iceberg Phenomenon of Disease

The concept that the visible tip represents known clinical cases, while the submerged part represents undiagnosed, latent, subclinical, and carrier states.

Web of Causation

A model explaining that chronic diseases result from the interaction of multiple interrelated factors rather than a single cause.

Spurious Association

A false association between two variables due to chance, bias, or error.

Temporal Association

The most essential causal criterion stating that the cause must precede the effect.

Relative Risk ($RR$)

A measure of association used in cohort studies, calculated as $\frac{\text{Incidence among exposed}}{\text{Incidence among unexposed}}$.

Odds Ratio ($OR$)

A measure of association used in case-control studies, calculated as $\frac{ad}{bc}$.

Confounding Factor

A variable associated with both the exposure and the disease that distorts the true association between them.

Common Source Point Epidemic

An epidemic where many people are exposed to the same source at one point in time, such as food poisoning after a feast.

Propagated Epidemic

An epidemic where the disease spreads from person to person, such as Measles or COVID-19.

Carrier

An infected person who harbours a specific infectious agent without apparent clinical disease and serves as a source of infection.

Quarantine

The limitation of movement of healthy persons or contacts who have been exposed to a communicable disease for a period of time equal to the maximum incubation period.

Surveillance

The continuous scrutiny of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease for effective control.

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

A composite index including infant mortality, life expectancy at age one, and literacy, scaled from $0$ to $100$.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index given by UNDP consisting of life expectancy, education, and income.

Standard Normal Curve

A bell-shaped symmetrical curve where $68.3\%$ of observations lie within $\pm 1\,SD$, $95.4\%$ within $\pm 2\,SD$, and $99.7\%$ within $\pm 3\,SD$.

Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) Vector

The female sandfly, specifically \textit{Phlebotomus argentipes}.

Leptospirosis Transmission

Transmission via contact with water, soil, or mud contaminated with the urine of infected animals, entering through cuts or mucous membranes.

Sanitation Barrier

A concept in cholera prevention that breaks the faeco-oral chain of transmission through safe excreta disposal, safe water, and handwashing.

Free Residual Chlorine

The level of chlorine remaining in water after a $1$-hour contact period, ideally $0.5\,mg/L$, to ensure safe disinfection.

Stochastic Effects of Radiation

Radiation effects where the probability of occurrence increases with dose and there is no threshold, such as cancer or genetic mutations.

AEFI

Adverse Event Following Immunization: any untoward medical occurrence following immunization that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the vaccine.