print

4 Main Elements on Earth

Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are shared equally and there is an equal pull within a bond. Atoms contain no charge. These bonds are easy to break.

Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons are shared unequally and there is an unequal pull within a bond. Atoms have a partial charge. These bonds are hard to break.

Hydrogen bonds

Extremely stable bond that can only be broken with very high energy.

Hydrophilic

Water loving, interacts with water.

Hydrophobic

Water hating. Does not interact with water. Tends to coalesce within aqueous solution.

Amino Group

A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens.

Carbonyl

Carbon double bonded to Oxygen

Carboxyl

Carbon double bonded to oxygens and a hydroxide. Act as an acid.

Sulfhydryl

Sulfur bonded to Hydrogen

Phosphate

Phosphorous surrounded by Oxygen.

Hydroxyl

Hydrogen bonded to Oxygen.

Aldehyde

Found at the end of a carbon chain. Contains a Carbonyl bonded to a Hydrogen.

Ketone

A carbonyl found in the middle of a carbon chain.

Macromolecules

Large organic molecules made up of many smaller molecules.

Monomers

Single units of a molecule.

R-groups/Side chains

Make up an amino acid structure and makes 20 different amino acids unique.

Dehydration/Condensation Reaction

Creates a covalent glycosidic bond + 1 H2O molecule. Water is removed from a bond.

Hydrolysis

Water is added in order to break bonds.

Acid-Base Reaction

When an acid and base mix together, they transfer protons and neutralize creating a water and a salt.

Carbohydrates

A macromolecule made up of C, H, and O molecules formed by dehydration/condensation reactions. Typically form a ring shape but this is not always the case.

Hexose

A type of carbohydrate that contains 6 carbons.

Pentose

A type of carbohydrate that contains 5 carbons

Proteins

Made up of amino acids and carboxyl groups. They are formed by covalent peptide bonds.

Peptide Bonds

Covalent bonds which link amino acids in proteins.

Glycosidic Bond

Covalent dehydration bond between two monosaccharides. Hydrolysis is used to break them.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides bonded with glycosidic bonds. H2O is removed during reaction.

Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides bonded together to create long polymers. Function as energy storage and structure.

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides bonded together to function for cell recognition and signalling.

Nucleotides

Basic unit of DNA. Made up of a sugar group, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Ester Bonds

bonds between fatty acids and glycerol

Fatty Acid

Carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. Usually non-polar and hydrophobic.

Lipid

Macromolecule mostly made of C and H atoms. Largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Amphipathic

Something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. (Ex: Lipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails)

Triglycerides

Contains 3 fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol head.

Lipid Bilayer

Made when lipid molecules align in two sheets. They have selective permeability.

Permeability

The ability for a small molecule to pass through a lipid bilayer.

Unsaturated Lipids

Fatty acids where there are many bonds within a chain which makes them harder to stack. They are usually liquid at room temperature and have high permeability.

Saturated Lipids

Fatty acids where there are many unbonded Hydrogens. They are typically solid at room temperature and have low permeability.

Diffusion

Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions across a membrane.

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a solute.

Passive Transport

Substances can diffuse across a membrane without outside energy.

Active Transport

Substances can diffuse across a membrane with an outside energy source.

Equilibrium

A state of balance between molecules across a membrane. Molecules DO NOT stop moving at this state.

Osmosis

How water specifically moves across lipid bilayers.

Hypertonic

Outside solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the interior. Water leaves and the membrane will shrink.

Hypotonic

Outside solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the interior. Water enters and the membrane will swell.

Isotonic

Outside and inside solution have the same concentration of solutes. The membrane will keep its shape.

Aquaporin

A membrane that only water can pass through. It moves way faster through it.