Anatomy Unit 6-10 Review

SLU

6 Main Functions of the Skeletal System: Abbreviated

p,s,m,mh,h,ts

P

protection

S

support

M

movement

MH

mineral homeostasis

H

hematopoiesis

TS

triglyceride storage

Each part of a long bone

diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis

Diaphysis

The shaft, main bone

Metaphysis

Between di and epi, contains the epipheseal plate.

Epiphysis

red bone marrow, ends of a long bone.

Why bone tissue is classified as a connective tissue.

because of the periosteum

Periosteum

Outer Membrane

Describe the cellular composition of bone tissue

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells.

Osteoblasts

build bone

Osteoclasts

create bone

osteocytes

fully mature bone cells

Osteoprogenitor

stem cell

Spongy Bone

lightweight, irregular + flat bones, protects red bone marrow

Compact Bone

protection and support, external bone layer

Explain how bone grows in length.

bone material grows on diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate,

Explain how bone grows in thickness

bone material grows from osteoprogenitor cells

Describe the process involved in bone remodeling.

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with by resorption and deposition

Resorption

removal of calcium from bone by osteoclasts

Deposition

addition of calcium from bone by osteoblasts

Explain the role of bones in regulating blood calcium levels.

parathyroid hormone.

Unit 7 & 8

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

head, ribs, and spine (inside)

Appendicular Skeleton

arms, shoulders, hips and legs. (outside)

Classify bones base on their shape of location.

long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid.

Foramen

large opening for things to pass through

Magnum

foremen for the spine

Normal Spinal Curves

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Spine Functions

protects spinal cord, supports the head, attaches.

The parts of the Thoracic Cage

sternum, ribs and costal cartilage

Sternum

breast bone

Ribs

support thoracic cage

Costal Cartilage

connects the sternum to the ribs

The parts of the pectoral girdle

scapula, clavicle

The parts of the pelvic girdle

coxal bones, acetabulum

Acetabulum

socket for the femur head.

Unit 9

Joints

Fibrous Joint

held together by collagen fibers, barely moveable

cartilaginous joints

held together by cartilage, barely moveable

synovial joints

reduces friction, freely moveable

Tendons

attach muscle to bone

Ligaments

attach bone to bone

bursae

sac like structures; hold synovial fluid

tendon sheaths

bursae around tendons

menisci

pads of cartilage between bone

Synovial Joint Movements

hinge, pivot, ball and socket

Hinge

opening and closing

pivot

rotation

ball and socket

shoulder and hip

Unit 10

Muscles

4 Functions of muscle tissue

produce, stabilize, move and thermoregulate

Skeletal Muscle

striated, voluntary movement

Smooth Muscle

unstriated, organ linings,

cardiac muscle

striated, walls of heart

Skeletal muscle fibers

t-tubules, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum

T-Tubules

tunnelling of sarcolemma to to center of a muscle fiber

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm

Mitochondria

ATP production

Sarcoplasmic Recticulum

smooth ER stores and releases calcium

Function of skeletal muscle proteins

contraction

Myofibril

motor protein

actin

myosin binds to this

troponin

calcium from sarcomere binds to this

tropomyosin

troponin oves tropomyosin (bonding site)

cross bridge

actin bonded to myosin

contraction

myosin binds to sarcomere which slides

Sliding filament theory

myosin binds to actin, forms a cross bridge.

Somatic Motor Neuron

voluntary muscle movement, action potential delivery

Neurotransmitter junction

space between neuron and muscle fiber

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter causing contraction in skeletal muscle

sarcolemma

plasma membrane, receives action potential

Anaerobic metabolism

No O2, 1 glucose; 2 ATP (FAST)

Aerobic Slow

O2 required, 1 glucose; 32 ATP (SLOW)

Slow Twitch

more myoglobin, aerobic metabolism,

Fast Twitch

fine motor movement, anaerobic metabolism

Cardiac Muscle

sarcomeres, striated, heart

Smooth Muscle

No sarcomeres, organs, slow contract, involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

sarcomeres, attach to bone, fast contractions, voluntary,

Temporomandibular

synovial joint, chewing

Atlanto-Occipital

flex/extending head

Altanto-Axial

synovial; pivot, rotating head

Intervertebral Discs

cartilaginous, absorbs shock

Sternocostal

synovial, breathing

Shoulder

synovial, abd/adduction

Elbow

synovial, flex/extend of elbow

Radioulnar

synovial, flipping hand

Interphalangeal

synovial, flex/extend fingers

pubic symphasis

cartilaginous, coxal bones

knee

synovial, flex/extend

hip

ball and socket, abd/adduction of femur joins the acetabulum

ankle

synovial, foot movement