first test for tonys

7 steps of prewriting

1. Select a topic

2. gather sources

3. evaluate sources

4. compile a working bibliography

5. read sources (analytically)

6. formulate a thesis

7. create an extended outline.

sub category of drafting

1. use in-text citation

2. compile a list of references

3. make a glossary

4. table of contents

5. create a title

6. write an introduction

revising subcategory

1. unity

2. support

3. coherence

editing subcategory

1. sentence skills

2. word choice

difference between prototype semantics and etymology

etymology is the history of the word, where it comes from, and prototype semantics we are looking for the original thought before we gave it a word

example of etymology

etymology = etios (greek) (source, logic, truth) logos (greek) (word)

example of prototype semantics

the word game can mean many different things

different types of academic bullshit in students

bullster and anti-writes

what is a bullster

a bullster is a student who is cynical; they think they’re smarter than everyone else. They don’t read anything to try to prove that the teacher is dumb.

what is an antiwriter

anti-writers dont care about anything theyre reading, they just want the good grade. no passion. blindly follow the teacher

academic bullshit among professors

using advanced jargon to signal they are smart and that the writing is not for normal people. begging for grants.

what is benign bullshit

bullshit that doesnt kill you but is still bad

what did Isocrates tell his students?

by acting “virtuous,” the student will eventually learn to act virtuously.

what was Wittgenstein’s motto from Longfellow?

in the elder days of art builders wrought with greatest care for the gods are everywhere

what are the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig’s views on being able to sweep readers along the story as a natural gift?

its not you have to learn to be concise.

ethos

credibility, using your credentials to win people over

pathos

emotional, using emotion to win people over

logos

logical, using the integrity of the information to win people over

what was Aristotle’s original idea of ethos

the dialect of the aristocracy convinced people, the queens english

how can students show ethos

formatting and properly using things like commas

the difference between art and science in the Aristotelian appeals

art is more focused on logos and pathos, emphasizing pathos. Science is more logos and ethos, you dont use emotional language in scientific writing.

should you include the first names of authors of the article

no you should never include the first name only the last

how often should you cite your sources

as much as possible. every sentence should be cited.

format for in text citations

name(year, page #) if you don’t have all 3 its plagiarism

would 3 words in a row identical to the source with no cite be counted as plagiarism

yes, put quotes are these words.

sesquipedalian

(Latin) sesqui = a foot and a half long. pes = foot

The purposeful use of long words as a style

obfuscation

(Latin) fus care = to darken

darkening over, purposefully hiding my message behind complicated language

difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary source

primary source is first hand. Novels, painting, interview, journal

secondary source doesn’t come directly from the source, an analysis of a primary source

tertiary source is an overview or survey of everything. Textbook, Wikipedia, encyclopedia.