Unit 3 exam

Twitch

A single action with a time delay from the neuron firing until the force increases (contraction)

Summation

The neuron fires the muscle relaxes, the neuron fires partially again adds force

Ex:picking up something you thought was light but is actually heavy

Tetanus

The neuron continues to fire contractions with no relaxation; sustained contractions Ex: carrying something

Isotonic contractions

Muscle belly shortens

Ex: picking up an object

Isometric contraction

Muscle belly stays the same length, force inside the muscle

Ex: posture pushing against a heavy object

Slow twitch

For endurance, long duration of contraction, contains myoglobin for more oxygen

Ex: running, swimming, biking

Fast twitch

For strength, powerful bursts of force, short duration of contraction, white muscle

Ex: weightlifting, sprinting, hitting a ball

Origin

The end of a muscle that is attached to the bone and doesn’t move during muscle contractions

Insertion

The end of a muscle that attaches to another bone across the joint and is pulled to the muscle’s origin when it contracts

Muscular dystrophy

It is genetic and has an X-linked inheritance, meaning males have a protein failure that causes muscle cell failure resulting in muscle death

Tetanus

Any puncture wound can introduce a bactaria that releases a toxin that won't let muscle relax if not treated every muscle will contract

Muscle cramps

Is caused by dehydration & aerobic respiration

Pulled muscle

Tearing the action and myosin filaments

Fasciitis

Swelling of the dense connective tissue wrapped around the muscle belly

Plasma

90% water, it is the transport method of blood cells and platelets it contains hormones, gases, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste

Red blood cells (RBCs)

They transport oxygen using hemoglobin and iron to grab it

White blood cells (WBCs)

They defend against invaders and abnormal cells

Platelets

They function in clotting the blood as a defense mechanism

Neutrophil

A granulocyte, it unctions as the first responder to the site of infection. Arrives in large numbers. Eats the invader in a process called phagocytosis

Eosinophils

A granulocyte they function in attacking allergens and parasites/phagocyte

Basophils

A granulocyte functions at the start of inflammatory reactions; it tells fighters where to go

Lymphocytes

It’s an agranulocyte; it creates your immunity and immune memory. B cell lymphocytes make antibodies that secrete chemical warfare that attacks invaders

Monocytes

It's an agranulocyte; it arrives in chronic infections lasting more than two weeks. If they enter a tissue, they stay and become macrophages, which eat the invaders in the tissue

Carbon monoxide poisoning

CO binds to hemoglobin, it won't let go, and suffocates

Anemia

Too few red blood cells/ low oxygen in the blood

Leukemia

Cancer of the white blood cell

Multiple myeloma

Cancer of bone marrow

Mononucleosi

Highly contagious attaches to the RBCs Liver & Spleen remove them and become enlarged, very sick aka Epstein-Barr virus

Septicemia

Bacteria in the blood can cause organ failure and death within hours

Sickle Cell Anemia

Malformed hemoglobin

Thrombocytopeni

Too few platelets that can't clot

Hemophilia

There is a lack of clotting protein blood can't clot

Atreries

Takes blood away from the heart has a thick layer of smooth muscle to withstand the pressure of the heart gives us our pulse

Veins

Takes blood to the heart, they have one-way valves to prevent backflow

Capillaries

The thinnest and smallest near every cell body, delivers O2 and nutrients, picks up CO2 and waste, the only place where gas exchange can occur

SA sinoartial node

pacemaker of the heart because they self-fire, creating an action potential action potential spreads between the 2 atria using intercalated disc gap junctions

AV atrioventricular node

Between the R.atria and R. ventricles, like speed bumps slows the signal; delays the impulse to the AV bundle in the septum

AV atrioventricular bundle

In the septum branches of to the left and right branches taking the signal to the apex

Purkinje fibers

Has neurons near every ventricle cell it carries the electrical impulse in the myocardium of the ventricles

Angina pectoris

Tight squeezing feeling around the chest warrning sign of a heart attack

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack: a blockage in the coronary artery

Congestive heart failure

Myocardium (heart muscle) is failing; it's not contracting well and not pumping blood well

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis

Embolism

A floating blood clot that was dislodged from the place it fromed

Stroke

A Blockage of blood flow to the brain

Hypertension

High blood pressure 140sys and 90dia the silent killer

Hypotension

Low blood pressure below the normal 120sys and 80dia

Normal blood pressure

Where blood pressure should be at 120sys and 80dia

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A record of the electrical impulses in the cardiac conduction system