exam #6/9th edition

the protective tube housing serves as a shield against ____ entering the x-ray tube, thereby preventing electric shock while also facilitating the cooling of the x-ray tube.

a. the low voltage

b. collimator components

c. loose inherent filter particles

d. the high voltage

d. the high voltage

if the luminance of the collimator light source is sufficient, the localizing light beam will be able to satisfactorily outline the margins of the radiographic beam in the area of clinical interest on:

a. patients of all skin pigments

b. teenagers and adults

c. infants only

d. children only

a. patients of all skin pigments

when using digital fluoroscopy systems, making use of the last image hold feature can

a. be an effective dose reduction technique

b. lead to a 50% reduction in technical exposure factors

c. eliminate the need to collimate the primary beam

d. eliminate the need for body or part immobilization

a. be an effective dose reduction technique

what is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?

a. to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues by absorbing all of higher-energy photons from the homogeneous beam

b. to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues by removing all the lower-energy photons from the homogeneous beam

c. to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam

d. to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the higher-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam

c. to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam

most fluoroscopic examinations employ a range of ___ kVp for adult patients, depending on the body area being examined.

a. 110-140

b. 60-75

c. 75-110

d. 30-60

c. 75-110

when performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimum source-skin distance of at least:

a. 30 cm

b. 38 cm

c. 15 cm

d. 45 cm

a. 30 cm

when a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by the use of an image intensification system, which of the following benefits results?

1. increased image brightness

2. saving of time for the radiologist

3. patient dose reduction

a. 2 and 3 only

b. 1 and 2 only

c. 1 and 3 only

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

during a fluoroscopic examination, a resettable cumulative timing device measures the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm or in some cases, temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluoroscope has been activated for what length of time?

a. 10 minutes

b. 3 minutes

c. 1 minute

d. 5 minutes

d. 5 minutes

during an interventional procedures, high-level control fluoroscopy is employed, resulting in a ____ or entrance dose rate to the patient to allow the examination of smaller and lower-contrast objects that are not ordinarily discerned during standard fluoroscopy.

a. negligible entrance exposure rate

b. lower entrance exposure rate

c. higher entrance exposure rate

d. none of the options because smaller and lower-contrast objects cannot be examined by fluoroscopy during interventional procedures

c. higher entrance exposure rate

when obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a foot, which of the following types of filters should be used to provide a greater uniform density of the anatomy?

a. bilateral wedge filter

b. wedge filter

c. trough filter

d. thoraeus filter

b. wedge filter

digital radiography systems offer several advantages over computed radiography. some of these include:

1. lower dose

2. ease of use

3. immediate imaging results

4. manipulation of the image

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1, 2, and 3 only

c. 1, 2, and 4 only

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

total filtration of ___ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard:

a. 1.5-mm aluminum equivalent

b. 1.0-mm aluminum equivalent

c. 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent

d. 2.0-mm aluminum equivalent

c. 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent

in digital radiography, the number of different shades of gray that can be stored in memory and displayed on a computer monitor is termed:

a. pixels

b. contrast matrix

c. grayscale

d. shadows

c. grayscale

digital radiography images can be accessed:

a. digital images cannot be accessed at any workstations by physicians

b. at no more than two workstations at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care

c. at several workstations at the same time, thus making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care

d. at only one workstation at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care

c. at several workstations at the same time, thus making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care

for digital radiography (DR), because of its higher exposure latitude, it makes grid use on the pediatric population ___.

a. absolutely necessary for all radiographic examinations

b. unnecessary for any examination

c. necessary only for extremity examinations

d. less necessary than was previously believed

d. less necessary than was previously believed

luminance is determined by measuring the concentration of light:

a. over a particular field of view

b. at only one particular on the field of view and then squaring the number

c. over a particular field of view and then squaring the number

d. at only one particular point on the field of view

a. over a particular field of view

the control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected visually displayed for the equipment operator, must be located:

a. at the foot end of the radiographic examining table

b. at the head end of the radiographic examining table

c. behind any regular wall that has regular glass window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure

d. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbed window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure

d. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbed window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure

which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent as possible so that is will absorb only a minimal amount of radiation, thereby reducing the patient’s radiation dose?

a. formica

b. carbon fiber material

c. granite

d. slate

b. carbon fiber material

any image that must be repeated because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is considered to be a repeat image. what effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient?

a. the patient’s critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose

b. the patient’s superficial tissues receive a radiation dose that is four times as great as that of the original radiation dose

c. the patient’s skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose

d. the patient receives no additional radiation dose

c. the patient’s skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included area, receive a double radiation dose

during a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose?

a. lower kVp, lower mAs

b. higher kVp, lower mAs

c. higher kVp, higher mAs

d. lower kVp, higher mAs

b. higher kVp, lower mAs

when a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure?

a. not collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area needs to be included in the area to be imaged

b. selecting random technical exposure factors the part to be imaged and not collimating the primary x-ray beam to ensure full coverage of the image receptor

c. opening the x-ray beam collimation shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor

d. selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be imaged and precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest

d. selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be imaged and precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest

according to the american college of radiology (ACR), abdominal radiologic examinations that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need:

a. not to be postponed or selectively scheduled

b. to be postponed and scheduled 10 days before the end of the next menstrual period

c. to be postponed and schedule at least 10 days after the start of the next menstruation period

d. to be postponed or selectively scheduled

a. not to be postponed or selectively scheduled

the reason for discontinuing patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding in diagnostic radiology based on research that the use of such shielding may jeopardize the benefits of the radiologic examination because:

a. the gonads and embryo-fetus are relatively radioresistant

b. an incorrectly placed shield within the collimated x-ray beam when an automatic collimator is used, can result in the lead in the shield obscuring anatomic information or interfering with the AEC system

c. shields in the primary x-ray beam do not absorb radiation

d. shields are now made of aluminum that will absorb less radiation

b. an incorrectly placed shield within the collimated x-ray beam when an automatic collimator is used, can result in the lead in the shield obscuring anatomic information or interfering with the AEC system

specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following?

1. lens of the eye

2. breast

3. upper extremities

4. lower extremities

a. 3 and 4

b. 1 and 3

c. 1 and 2

d. all of the options

c. 1 and 2

which of the following procedures results in the lowest radiation effective dose to the patient?

a. digital pelvic radiography

b. abdominal fluoroscopy

c. dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

d. digital abdominal radiography

c. dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs?

a. use of a mobile protective shielding device

b. use of gonadal shielding

c. use of digital imaging equipment

d. adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest

d. adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest

motion controlled by will is classified as voluntary motion. lack of such control may be attributed to which of the following?

1. the patient’s age

2. breathing patterns or problems

3. physical discomfort

4. fear of examination

5. mental stability

a. 1, 3, 4, and 5

b. 2, 3, 4, and 5

c. 1, 2, 3, and 4

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

when a properly calibrated automatic exposure control (AEC) is not employed to obtain a uniform selection of technical x-ray exposure factors, well-managed imaging departments?

a. use technique charts borrowed from another imaging facility

b. have the radiologist determine and set up all technical exposure factor charts

c. estimate technical exposure factors for all radiographic examinations

d. make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility

d. make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility

reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure but also:

a. decreases completed image quality by decreasing scatter

b. decreases completed image quality by increasing scatter

c. increases completed image quality by decreasing scatter

d. increases completed image quality by increasing scatter

c. increases completed image quality by decreasing scatter

because multiple bony areas span the entire body, the radiation dose is absorbed by the organ called bone marrow:

a. is not of concern during any diagnostic radiography examinations

b. can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method

c. can be accurately measured by a direct method

d. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated

d. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated

which of the following are reasons for unacceptable images?

1. patient mispositioning

2. incorrect centering of the radiographic beam

3. patient motion during the radiographic exposure

4. incorrect collimation of the radiographic beam

a. 2, 3, and 4

b. 1, 3, and 4

c. 1, 2, and 3

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

after some decades of experience with modern digital x-ray equipment and as a result of improvements in dosimetry estimates of the efficacy of shielding with modern equipment and techniques, professional and scientific societies are:

a. abandoning the use of collimation of the x-ray beam and gonadal shielding in diagnostic radiology

b. increasing the use of collimation of the x-ray beam in diagnostic radiology to eliminate the need for collimation

c. eliminating collimation of the X-ray beam in diagnostic radiology

d. modifying shielding practices in diagnostic radiology to discourage the use of patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding

d. modifying shielding practices in diagnostic radiology to discourage the use of patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding

a blotchy radiographic image that results when an insufficient quantity of x-ray photons reaches the image receptor is called:

a. quantum noise or mottle

b. random photon displacement

c. spatial resolution

d. photon abrasions

a. quantum noise or mottle

which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography?

a. lack of patient cooperation with the radiographer when imaging children

b. lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices

c. patient motion

d. finding imaging equipment that can accommodate pediatric imaging

c. patient motion

essentially all diagnostic medical procedures result in fetal exposures ___, so that ____.

a. greater than 1 Gy; the risk of abnormality is large

b. less than 0.01 Gy; the risk of abnormality is very small

c. greater than 5 Gy; the risk of abnormality is large

d. less than 0.5 Gy but greater than 0.01 Gy; the risk of abnormality is small

d. modifying shielding practices in diagnostic radiology to discourage the use of patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding

of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonsessential?

1. a chest x-ray examination automatically scheduled on admission to the hospital

2. lumbar spine x-ray examination as part of a pre-employment physical

3. whole-body computed tomography (CT) screening

a. 2 and 3

b. 1 and 2

c. 1 and 3

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

analysis of an imaging department’s repeat rate:

1. provides valuable information for process improvement

2. helps minimize patient exposure

3. improves overall performance of the department:

a. 1 and 3

b. 2 and 3

c. 1 and 2

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

which of the following are involuntary motions or clinical manifestations that could cause involuntary motions that cannot be willingly controlled?

1. chills

2. tremors

3. muscle spasms

4. pain

5. active withdrawal

a. 2, 3, 4, and 5

b. 1, 2, 3, and 5

c. 1, 2, 3, and 4

d. all of the options

d. all of the options

true or false: to minimize the skin exposure to electrons produced by photon interaction with the collimator, the patient’s skin surface should be at least 15 cm below the collimator for fixed radiographic material.

true

true or false: artifacts are unwanted densities in the image that are not part of the patient’s anatomy and may negatively affect the ability of a radiologist to interpret the image correctly.

true