ARCH 2351: Technology Exam 1

shallow foundations (definition)

• lightweight projects

• floating on ground

• house/apartments

• good soil condition

deep foundations

• heavy projects

• sink into the ground

• tall towers

• poor soil condition

shallow foundations (diagram: retaining wall)

• black: concrete slab, concrete column, concrete footing

• blue: vapor barrier & waterproofing

• pink: rigid insulation

• green: drainage map & pipe

• brown: backfill, ground, excavation

• red: shear key & rebar in slab

• purple: compressive filler

• yellow: sand

• orange: gravel

slab on grade (diagram)

• black: concrete slab with rebar (red)

• yellow: sand (2” - 4”)

• blue: vapor barrier (prevents gas from entering interior)

• orange: gravel (4” - 6”)

• brown: ground

wall section (diagram)

• yellow: gypsum wall board (1/2”)

• gray: wood stud (1 1/2”)

• black: concrete (8”)

• blue: waterproofing

• pink: rigid insulation

• green: drainage mat

• brown: backfill

shallow foundations (types)

• pad footing

• strip foundation

• raft

• point loaded

• slab on grade

pad footing

distributing force over a larger area (column)

strip foundation

under walls

raft foundation

thicken edges below columns

point loaded

slab on grade

foundation is below or at frost line

deep foundations (types)

• bell caisson

• socketed caisson

• bearing piles

• friction piles

caissons

bell: triangle sitting top of bedrock

socketed: drilled into the bedrock

piles

pile cap: thicken concrete

bearing: multiple stabilizers resting on bedrock

friction: multiple stabilizers not hitting the bedrock (held by friction of earth)

wall system (types)

• open joint wall system (drained walls/rainscreens)

• closed joint wall system (barrier walls/face sealed)

• mass wall system

open joint wall system

• rainscreen & drained wall

• lets water & air flow

• continuous water flow in & dry

• waterproof membrane (UV/self healing)

closed joint wall system

• barrier wall & face sealed

• completely sealed

• minimal or none water/airflow

mass wall system

• pure mass

• layered

• water/air can’t go through because material is too thick

wall system (diagram)

• purple: joint system (open = panels & closed = stucco)

• blue: waterproofing

• yellow: sheathing

• pink: insulation

• brown: wood framing (6” stud)

• green: gypsum wall board

full concrete structure

• brown: ground & backfill

• purple: concrete panel

• pink: rigid insulation

• blue: waterproofing

• black: concrete column & concrete slab

• concrete is porous = needs waterproofing

• concrete heats up = needs insulation

intermediate floor

green: corrugated steel

blue: waterproofing

yellow: sheathing

pink: insulation & thermal bridging

purple: interior finish & carpet

orange: decking

black: joist

wood frame construction

• purple: sole/sill plate

• orange: decking/subfloor

• black: joist

• yellow: rim joist

• brown: double top plate

• pink: insulation

nominal & actual dimensions

• 2×2 = 1 1/2” x 1 1/2”

• 2×4 = 3 1/2” x 1 1/2”

• 2×6 = 5 1/2” x 1 1/2”

• 2×8 = 7 1/4” x 1 1/2”

• 2×10 = 9 1/4” x 1 1/2” (typical floor joists)

• 2×12 = 11 1/4” x 1 1/2”

steel framing (metal stud framing)

• orange: exterior finish

• blue: waterproofing

• purple: sheathing

• red: top runner & runner

• yellow: rim joist

• brown: bolts

• green: decking

• purple: gypsum wall board

• black: metal stud (3 5/8” or 6”)

• gray: concrete

• metal stud = pre-drilled holes for electricity & plumbing (wires)

• thicker stud: thicker gauge = stronger stud

concrete framing

• orange: corrugated steel

• pink: insulation

• blue: waterproofing

• black: concrete

• yellow: rebar

• when pouring wall, floor, wall separately = multiple cold joints

• wall & floor poured together = prevent cold joints

steel frame (components)

• black: columns

• green: primary member = girder/beam (supported by columns)

• blue: joist

• decking goes on top

steel framing

• orange: exterior finish

• blue: waterproofing

• pink: sheathing

• gray: steel columns (differ from wood, steel columns go through the floor)

• yellow: clip angles (bolted for support)

• black: I-beam (red: bolted)

• green: metal deck

• purple: concrete

roof system (basic)

• orange: exterior finish (wood batten with wood slats to blend in with roof)

• blue: waterproofing

• yellow: sheathing/decking (walk on = decking)

• black: rafter/joist

• pink: insulation

• purple: interior finish (gypsum wall board)

flat wood roof (no parapet)

• orange: exterior finish (batten & slats)

• yellow: flashing

• blue: waterproofing (top over side & sloped)

• purple: sheathing/decking

• yellow: double top plate

• red: rim joist

• black: rafter/roof joist

• pink: insulation

• brown: furring strip (make it flat to walk)

• gray: tiles (visually appealing)

wood roof with parapet

• gray: exterior finish

• blue: waterproofing (top over side)

• green: parapet cap (metal flashing)

• orange: sloped blocking

• purple: sheathing/decking

• yellow: double top plate

• red: rim joist

• pink: insulation

• teal: furring strip & tiles (optional: remove for budget)

metal stud framing (light gauge steel framing)

• gray: exterior finish

• green: parapet cap (metal flashing)

• blue: waterproofing (top over side)

• orange; sloped blocking

• pink: insulation

• purple: sheathing/decking

• yellow: runners

• red: rim joist

• black: rafter

steel framing

• yellow: metal clip

• red: edge angle (on metal deck to stop edge of concrete pour)

• orange: metal decking

• white: pour concrete

• green: rigid insulation

• blue: waterproofing (top over side)

• purple interior finish

open web joist

• yellow: top chord

• pink: webbing

• orange: bottom chord

• blue: steel angle (prevent swinging/tilting)

• green: joist seat

steel parts

• black: bar

• red: plate

• yellow: angle

• pink: w-section (I-beam)

• purple: channel

• green: tube

• blue: tee

• orange: pipe (tube)

sheet metal

• bendable

• other exterior finishes: cmu blocks, bricks, wood studs

metal deck (depth)

deeper decks allow omitting beams

composite deck

• concrete & steel merge together

• vibration heavy equipment

• rigid edges

barcelona pavilion

• columns = cruciform

• made of plates & angles

• ludwig mies van der rohe

kunsthaus bregenz (peter zumthor)

angles holding plates of glass

clyde frazier’s wine + dine (morphosis)

aluminum sheets & adding graphics onto it

emerson college LA (morphosis)

• monomaterial: all aluminum & sheet metal

• relying on different textures & shadows

steel frame

• purple: I-beam

• green: leveling screws

• red: base plate

• yellow: leveling bed of gravel

• black: footing

wayne lyman morse us court house (morphosis)

• organization: fly fishing (ripples of water)

• stainless steel: changes in color when light hits

• metal steel frame with light gauge steel framing

• frame = steel itself

• framing = system of steel frame

platform framing

when studs sits on deck

balloon framing

when studs clipped to deck (continuous)

one way slab

• joist smaller & beam/girder obvious

• longer spans with heavy loads

one way joist slab

• repetition of joist

• reuse of form work (concrete is reusable)

• long span with heavy load

two way slab & beam

• only beam & girder

• medium span with heavy load

• efficiently made with similar loads consistently

• 1:1 relationship consistency (further you get away from this, harder to hold bigger loads/stability)

waffle slab (two way)

• forces held through form work

• massive loads, longer spans

• move columns anywhere as long as spans between columns are consistent

• use a lot of concrete

void biaxial slab (two way)

• similar to waffle slab, but flat top & bottom (lighter than waffle slab)

• bubble deck with concrete poured above and below

• good for smooth wiring and mechanical

• flexible system

• recycled plastic as form & use less concrete

flat plate slab (two way)

• lightest load (hotel, house, apartment)

• less load flexibility, more design flexibility

flat slab (two way)

same as flat plate slab but has thick caps above columns for heavier loading