Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Communication, Learning, ADHD, Conduct, and Mood Disorders

Comprehensive review flashcards covering communication disorders, specific learning disabilities, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder from the lecture notes.

Repeatedly hearing phonemes helps children form perceptual maps and phonological awareness, a process that relies on activity in the __________ temporal lobe.

left

In typical language development, a child who begins babbling longer strings of sounds such as 'mimi, upup, bababa' is approximately __________ year(s) old.

$$1$$

Persistent difficulties in receptive and/or expressive abilities, marked by delayed vocabulary, limited grammar, and impaired narration, characterize __________ disorder.

language

Deficits in following conversational rules and making inferences characterize Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder, which is rarely diagnosed prior to age __________.

$$4$$

A diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) requires persistent academic difficulty lasting for at least __________ month(s) despite intervention.

$$6$$

The widening developmental gap over time between children with learning difficulties and typical peers who receive no intervention is referred to as the __________.

Matthew effect

Specific Learning Disorder has an estimated heritability of $60\%$ and affects __________ of school-age children.

$$5\text{--}15\%$$

In Case Study #7, 8-year-old Gisela Garcia was diagnosed with a Specific Learning Disorder with moderate impairments in reading and __________.

written expression

In the 1968 DSM-2, the diagnostic classification for the condition now recognized as ADHD was called __________.

hyperkinetic reaction of childhood

DSM criteria require that ADHD symptoms be inconsistent with developmental level, present across at least two settings, and emerge prior to age __________.

$$12$$

The ADHD presentation that is more prominent in females, who tend to internalize their symptoms, is the predominantly __________ presentation.

inattentive

Compared to peers without the disorder, youth with ADHD drop out of school at higher rates and complete an average of __________ fewer years of education.

$$2.5$$

Individuals diagnosed with ADHD often struggle with foresight, which is defined in the lecture as the ability to predict the __________ of behaviors.

end results

Stimulant medications like Ritalin, Concerta, and Adderall improve attention in $80\%$ of ADHD cases by increasing dopamine levels in the __________.

prefrontal cortex

In Case #6, 8-year-old Ricky was diagnosed with ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation after Mrs. Smith completed the __________ along with classroom observations and academic reports.

CBCL

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is diagnosed when an angry, defiant, or vindictive pattern persists for at least 6 months with at least __________ symptoms present.

$$4$$

In youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, angry/irritable mood symptoms increase the risk for depression, while defiance and vindictiveness elevate the risk for __________.

conduct disorder

Conduct Disorder has a lifetime prevalence of $10\%$ with onset rising during adolescence and a male-to-female ratio of __________.

$$1.8:1$$

Youth with conduct problems can avoid a life-course-persistent trajectory through higher SES, intelligence, good relationships, and avoiding __________ such as injury, addiction, or arrest.

snares

Biological research indicates that callous-unemotional traits in conduct disorder are associated with reduced levels of oxytocin and __________.

serotonin

In the family case study involving Jeremy and Josh, therapists administered the Likert-scale __________ Scale to identify and correct unhealthy communication patterns.

Parent-Adolescent Communication

In Case 8, 15-year-old Derek ('Tree') exhibited conduct disorder related to low levels of __________ arousal, which causes decreased reactivity to punishment and drives thrill-seeking.

autonomic

Major Depressive Disorder requires at least 5 depressive symptoms to be present for more than __________ week(s).

$$2$$

In 2024, the past-year prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder among adolescents aged 12 to 17 was __________.

$$15.4\%$$

During adolescence, the gender gap for depression widens, showing a male-to-female ratio of __________.

$$1:2.5$$

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) requires a depressed mood lasting at least 2 years in adults, but only __________ year(s) in children and adolescents.

$$1$$

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) applies to children aged 6 to 18 with severe temper outbursts occurring at least __________ times per week for 12 or more months.

$$3$$

Having one parent with depression increases a child's risk by 3 times, whereas having two depressed parents increases the likelihood by __________ times.

$$7$$

The only two SSRI medications officially approved for treating Major Depressive Disorder in youth are Lexapro and __________.

Prozac

The overall mean age of onset for Bipolar Disorder is $22$ years, but it drops to __________ years of age if a parent has the disorder.

$$13$$