Chapter 3 BIO 101 But different

Chemistry and Basic Note: What are organic compounds defined by?

They contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms

Chemistry and Basic Note: What are Monomers?

Small, singular molecules that bond to other similar monomer molecules to form a larger structure (polymer)

Chemistry and Basic Note: What are Polymers?

Large structures/molecules made up of many smaller molecules (monomers) that are bonded together

Chemistry and Basic Note: What is Anabolism?

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones (requires energy)

Chemistry and Basic Note: What is Dehydration Synthesis?

The process of removing water to build a polymer. (One water molecule is released per single covalent bond formation)

Chemistry and Basic Note: hat is Hydrolysis?

The process of adding water to break down a larger biomolecule into smaller ones (ex.digestion)

Chemistry and Basic Note: What two components do cells need for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis to take place?

Enzymes and Energy (atp)

Carbohydrates: What is the standard ratio of elements in a single carbohydrate?

CH₂O ( 1 Carbon : 2 Hydrogen : 1 Oxygen)

Carbohydrates: What is the chemical formula for six carbon monosaccharides (i.e. glucose, fructose, galactose.)

C₆H₁₂O₆

Carbohydrates: What is the primary monosaccharide (sugar) identified with milk

Galactose

Carbohydrates: What type of bond joins two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?

Glyosidic linkage

Carbohydrates: What two monosaccharides make up Sucrose (table sugar)?

Glucose and Fructose

Carbohydrates: What two monosaccharides make up lactose (milk sugar)?

Glucose and Galactose

Carbohydrates: In what specific form do plants store energy (carbohydrates)?

Starch

Carbohydrates: How doe glycogen (animal storage) differ from amylopectin (plant storage)?

Glycogen is highly branched

Carbohydrates: Why is cellulose unusable as an energy source for most organism?

It is composed of tough chemical bonds (beta linkage) connecting its glucose molecules that are difficult to break/digest

Carbohydrates: What is a unique chemical characteristic of chitin compared to other polysaccharides?

It contains amino groups attached to its sugar monomers

Carbohydrates: Where are peptidoglycans (complex polysaccharides) locarted?

Bacterial cell walls

Lipids: What defining physical property is shared by all four groups of lipids?

They are all insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

Lipids: What are the primary subunits of a triglyceride?

One glycerol and three fatty acids

Lipids: What distinguishes a saturated fatty acid from a unsaturated one?

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible ( no double bonds in carbon chain )

Lipids: Why are plant based fats (unsaturated) liquid at room temperature?

The double bonds create kinks in the fatty acid chains, preventing tight packing

Lipids: What are tans fats, and why are they bad?

Fats artificially created by adding hydrogen (hydrogenation). They are associated with cardiovascular disease

Lipids: Why do phospholipids form a bilayer in the watery environment of a cell membrane?

The hydrophobic tails crowd inward to avoid water while the hydrophilic heads face outward

Lipids: Which steroid molecule serves as the precursor for hormones like estrogen and testosterone?

Cholesterol

Lipids: What is the biological function waxes found on leaves and animal coverings?

Providing protection and repelling water

Nucleic Acids: What is the primary monomer used to build DNA & RNA

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids: What are the three essential components of a single nucleotide?

A Five carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and a Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids: How are the two strands of DNA connected to one another?

Hydrogen bonds (between the nitrogenous bases)

Nucleic Acids: What does the term “anti-parallel” mean regarding the DNA double helix?

The two strands run in opposite directions relative to each other

Nucleic Acids: What properties are specific to RNA (compared to DNA)?

It is single stranded, contains ribose sugar, contains “U” (Uracil) instead of “T”, and is essential for protein synthesis

Nucleic Acids: How is the structure of ATP similar to an RNA nucleotide?

Both contain ribose sugar

Nucleic Acids: When energy is needed by the cell hat specific change occurs to the ATP molecule?

The terminal phosphate group is removed from ADP (releasing energy ATP)

Proteins: What are the functional groups found in amino acids?

Carboxyl and Amino groups

Proteins: Each amino acid is unique because of different…

R group (side chains)

Proteins: Amino acids attach to each other via covalent bonds called…

Peptide bonds

Proteins: What are the most common shapes of secondary protein structures?

Alpha helix and beta sheets

Proteins: Secondary structures in proteins are created because of bonding between what?

R groups neighboring amino acids ( specifically via Hydrogen Bonds)

Proteins: The tertiary structure of proteins is held in place with the help of…

A variety of bonds (hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges)

Proteins: Do all proteins exhibit a quaternary structure? Yes or No and explain why?

No (only those made of more than one polypeptide chain, like hemoglobin)

Proteins: What is Denaturation?

The loss of a protein’s shape (teritary) due to changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure