Ch 8- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disease- Exercise Testing Rx

What is Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

A broad term for any condition that decreases blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium).

What is the difference between Myocardial Infarction (MI) and Myocardial Ischemia?

MI is permanent death of heart tissue (necrosis), while ischemia is a reversible lack of O2 to heart tissue.

What is Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR)?

A coordinated, multifaceted intervention delivering exercise training and lifestyle interventions to reduce risk and disability.

What is the recommended aerobic exercise volume for patients with CHD?

Aim for 150 min/wk of moderate (3 to

Why should age-predicted max HR (220 - age) NOT be used for CHD patients on beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers decrease resting HR and delay HR response during exercise, making standard formulas inaccurate.

What is the upper limit for targeted heart rate in patients with Myocardial Ischemia?

10 BPM below the heart rate at the ischemic threshold.

What are the two main types of Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)?

Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF).

What defines Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)?

An ejection fraction of ≤40%, often called systolic heart failure.

What defines Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?

An ejection fraction of ≥50%, often called diastolic heart failure.

What is a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)?

A device used in CHF clients who do not respond to medical therapy and face high mortality risk.

What is the typical healing time for a sternotomy before achieving adequate sternal stability?

Approximately 8 to 10 weeks.

What are the two primary purposes of a pacemaker?

To restore optimal HR and synchronize atrial/ventricular contractions, or synchronize right and left ventricles.

What is the function of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)?

Monitors heart rhythm and delivers pacing or an electrical shock if life-threatening arrhythmias are detected.

What is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

Atherosclerosis of the arteries that do not supply blood to the brain or heart, primarily in the lower extremities.

What is intermittent claudication (IC)?

Ischemic pain, cramping, or tightness in the lower extremities caused by decreased blood flow during exercise.

What is Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)?

A condition assessed using a 10-minute Stand Test to measure blood pressure and heart rate responses to posture.

What is the primary exercise recommendation for POTS?

Perform aerobic exercise in a recumbent (horizontal or semi-horizontal) position to decrease gravitational stress.

What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke?

Obstruction of blood flow to a region of the brain leading to rapid deterioration of brain function and neuronal death.

Why should the Valsalva maneuver be avoided during exercise in stroke patients?

To prevent dangerous spikes in blood pressure and intrathoracic pressure.

What is Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB)?

Airway narrowing that occurs because of exercise, common in individuals with asthma.

What FEV1.0 decrease from baseline is commonly used by labs to diagnose EIB?

A greater than 15% decrease in FEV1.0 from baseline.

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Chronic airway inflammation chiefly due to exposure to noxious gases and particles like tobacco smoke.

What scale is extensively used to measure exertional dyspnea in COPD patients?

Modified Borg Category-Ratio 0-10 (CR10) scale.

What is Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)?

A global term for elevated pulmonary arterial pressure that negatively affects pulmonary perfusion and causes RV overload.

What is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?

A group of disorders characterized by variable degrees of fibrosis and inflammation in the alveolar compartments.

What is Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?

A hereditary disease affecting lungs and digestive system where the body produces excessively thick, viscous mucus.

Why should lung transplant recipients avoid arm cycling initially?

Due to the sternotomy incision healing process.

What are the two most widely utilized tests for respiratory muscle strength?

Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP).

What is the purpose of Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT)?

To increase respiratory muscle strength and endurance, thereby decreasing the relative work of breathing during exercise.

What is Telerehabilitation in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation?

Delivery of essential components of PR using communication mediums like telephone calls, video conferencing, and websites.