(DETAILED VERSION) Intermediate Human Physiology: Homeostasis, Cell Biology, Membrane Transport, Nervous System & Synapses

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Human Physiology lecture materials, including homeostasis, cellular structure and transport, membrane transport and osmosis, nervous system organization and neuroglia, electrical activity in axons, and synaptic transmission.

Physiology is defined as the study of biological __________ and how the body works.

function

Results of a physiological experiment must be __________ many times before a conclusion is accepted.

replicated

Research conducted on cells in a culture dish is referred to as study in __________.

vitro

Studies conducted in living creatures like rats and mice are referred to as study in __________.

vivo

Phase __________ clinical trials test a drug on healthy human volunteers to test for side effects, rates of passage, and dosage.

I

Phase __________ clinical trials test a drug's effectiveness on people with the particular disease.

II

Phase __________ clinical trials are conducted on a large number of people of both sexes, many age groups, and ethnicities before FDA approval.

III

Phase __________ clinical trials test other applications for an approved drug.

IV

The basic unit of structure and function of living things is the __________.

cell

A group of similar cells that perform a similar function is called a(n) __________.

tissue

An organ is composed of two or more __________ into structural and functional units.

tissues

Humans have __________ inter-related organ systems.

$$11$$

__________ muscle is a type of voluntary muscle that can be consciously controlled.

Skeletal

__________ muscle is found in the walls of digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs, blood vessels, and bronchioles.

Smooth

An epithelial membrane composed of only one layer of cells specialized for transport is classified as __________ epithelium.

simple

An epithelial membrane composed of multiple layers specialized for protection is classified as __________ epithelium.

stratified

Connective tissue is characterized by a matrix made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and __________ cells.

specialized

The largest organ in the human body is the __________.

skin

The system whose primary functions are protection and thermoregulation is the __________ system.

integumentary

The endocrine system regulates body functions through the secretion of regulatory molecules called __________.

hormones

The extracellular fluid surrounding the cells of the body constitutes the body's __________ environment.

internal

Most controlled variables in the body are regulated by __________ feedback systems.

negative

In the negative feedback regulation of blood pressure, blood pressure sensors called baroreceptors act as the __________.

receptor

Elevated insulin production by pancreatic cells leads to a(n) __________ in blood sugar levels.

decrease

A positive feedback system can only be stopped by an event __________ the system.

outside

The three principal parts of cells are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and __________.

nucleus

The hydrophobic center of the double plasma membrane restricts the movement of water, water-soluble molecules, and __________.

ions

The structure of the plasma membrane, where proteins and phospholipids constantly move laterally, is known as the __________ model.

fluid mosaic

Small, hydrophobic substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer via __________ diffusion.

simple

Integral membrane proteins that form a pore through which specific ions flow across the membrane are called __________ channels.

ion

Transporters that undergo a change in shape to transport specific substances like amino acids across the membrane are called __________ proteins.

carrier

Antidiuretic hormone alters cell function by binding to integral membrane proteins classified as __________.

receptors

Lactase protruding from intestinal epithelial cells is an example of a membrane __________ that catalyzes chemical reactions.

enzyme

Proteins that anchor filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane to provide structural stability are called __________ proteins.

linker

Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins serve as cell __________ markers.

identity

Carbohydrates attached to membrane lipids are called __________.

glycolipids

The lipid component that gives flexibility to the plasma membrane is __________.

cholesterol

Neutrophils and macrophages extend __________ to engulf bacteria and form a food vacuole during phagocytosis.

pseudopods

Non-specific endocytosis where fluid is brought into the cell is known as __________.

pinocytosis

Endocytosis that specifically requires the binding of a substance to receptor proteins in the membrane is called __________-mediated endocytosis.

receptor

Large cellular products packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus are exported from the cell by __________.

exocytosis

Stored chemical aggregates in the cytoplasm, such as glycogen or melanin granules, are called __________.

inclusions

Microfilaments are the thinnest cytoskeletal elements and are made up of the protein __________.

actin

Folds in the plasma membrane that increase surface area for chemical reactions and rapid diffusion are called __________.

microvilli

Microtubules are hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein __________.

tubulin

Nonmotile primary cilia present on most cells have a(n) __________ structure.

$$9+0$$

Motile cilia found in the respiratory tract and uterine tubes have a(n) __________ arrangement.

$$9+2$$

The only cell in the human body that possesses a flagellum is the __________.

sperm

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for reactions are called __________.

cristae

All mitochondrial DNA in humans is derived from the __________.

mother

Very small particles composed of two subunits of ribosomal RNA and protein that synthesize proteins are __________.

ribosomes

Ribosomes that serve as enzymes needed for protein synthesis are known as __________.

ribozymes

Fatty acid and steroid synthesis occurs in the __________ endoplasmic reticulum.

smooth

Proteins modified in the Golgi apparatus travel through flattened membranous sacs called __________.

cisternae

Membrane-enclosed vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest a wide variety of substrates are called __________.

lysosomes

Membranous vesicles that contain oxidases to metabolize amino acids and fatty acids are __________.

peroxisomes

Cellular structures in the cytosol that degrade unwanted or damaged proteins are __________.

proteasomes

While muscle cells have hundreds of nuclei, mature red blood cells have __________ nuclei.

zero

The dense nonmembranous mass in the nucleus composed of protein and RNA that produces ribosomal RNA is the __________.

nucleolus

The sum total of all proteins produced from the genome is called the __________.

proteome

Approximately __________ of total body water is contained within the intracellular fluid compartment.

$$67\%$$

Extracellular fluid consists of $20\%$ blood plasma and $80\%$ __________ fluid.

interstitial

Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration requiring ATP and carrier pumps is called __________ transport.

active

Simple diffusion of water across a membrane is known as __________.

osmosis

The four factors determining diffusion rate are concentration gradient, membrane permeability, solution temperature, and membrane __________.

surface area

Small nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane by __________ diffusion.

simple

Water diffusion across the plasma membrane is aided by specific channels called __________.

aquaporins

The force surrounding a cell required to stop osmosis is called __________ pressure.

osmotic

Pure water has an osmotic pressure equal to __________.

zero

The total molarity of all solutes in a solution defines the __________ of the solution.

osmolarity

A $1\,M$ solution of $\text{NaCl}$ dissociates in water to yield an osmolarity of __________.

$$2\,mOsm$$

Normal human blood plasma has an osmolarity of approximately __________.

$$300\,mOsM$$

Normal saline contains $0.9\,g$ $\text{NaCl}$ per $100\,mL$ water, making it __________ to blood plasma.

isotonic

Red blood cells placed in a(n) __________ solution will take in water, swell, and potentially lyse.

hypotonic

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water, causing them to shrivel up and __________.

crenate

Carrier proteins exhibit __________ because they interact only with specific molecules.

specificity

When all carrier proteins are bound to molecules, the transport system reaches its maximum rate, demonstrating __________.

saturation

Carrier-mediated transport that moves molecules down their concentration gradient without using ATP is __________ diffusion.

facilitated

The glucose transporter isoform present in erythrocytes and the central nervous system is __________.

GLUT1

The glucose transporter isoform located in pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes is __________.

GLUT2

The glucose transporter isoform expressed specifically in neurons is __________.

GLUT3

The glucose transporter isoform stored in intracellular vesicles and inserted into the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue when stimulated is __________.

GLUT4

Primary active transport occurs when hydrolysis of __________ is directly responsible for carrier protein function.

ATP

The $\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ pump transports __________ $\text{Na}^+$ ions out of the cell for every two $\text{K}^+$ ions brought in.

$$3$$

The $\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ pump transports three $\text{Na}^+$ ions out of the cell for every __________ $\text{K}^+$ ions brought in.

$$2$$

The $\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ pump helps provide energy for coupled transport, produce electrochemical impulses, and maintain cellular __________.

osmolality

In secondary active transport, the energy to move molecules against their gradient comes from moving __________ back into the cell.

sodium

Coupled transport where the transported molecule moves in the same direction as sodium is called cotransport or __________.

symport

Coupled transport where the transported molecule moves in the opposite direction of sodium is called countertransport or __________.

antiport

In epithelial cells of the kidney tubule or small intestine, glucose is transported against its concentration gradient across the apical membrane by secondary active __________ with $\text{Na}^+$.

cotransport

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the __________.

spinal cord

The conducting cells of nervous tissue that generally cannot divide are called __________.

neurons

An axon is connected to the neuron cell body at the axon __________.

hillock

Action potentials are initiated at the initial segment of the __________.

axon

Neurons that have a single short process branching like a T into two longer processes are classified as __________ neurons.

pseudounipolar

Bipolar neurons have two processes, one on either end, and are found in the __________ of the eye.

retina

The most common structural type of neuron, possessing several dendrites and one axon, is the __________ neuron.

multipolar

Neurons that conduct impulses from sensory receptors into the CNS are __________ neurons.

sensory

Neurons located completely within the CNS that integrate functions of the nervous system are interneurons or __________ neurons.

association

Motor neurons responsible for reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscles are __________ motor neurons.

somatic