AMIND Midterm

Dunbar-Ortiz Identifies how many distinct periods of genocide in US history?

4

The Mississippian Mound Builder culture greatly Influenced the Indigenous societies that surrounded Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay colony.

False

1. Maya

2. Aztecs

3. Iroquois Confederacy

4. Cherokee

5. Navajo

1. Yucatan Peninsula

2. Central Mexico

3. Northeastern Seaboard

4. Southeastern US

5. Southwestern US

By the 15th century Hohokam people in the American Southwest had constructed 800 miles worth of irrigation canals.

True

According to Dunbar-Ortiz the earliest known sample of Corn from the Americas is 500 years old.

False

According to the UN Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide transferring the children of a target group to another group is genocide.

True

According to Dunbar-Ortiz the majority of the Indigenous inhabitants of North America at the time of contact were nomadic hunter gathers.

False

The Northwest Ordinance, the first bill passed by the Continental Congress after the Revolutionary War, resolved a land dispute concerning which geographic region?

Ohio Territory

For Dunbar-Ortiz US history can best be traced as a series of __________________?

Land Dispossessions

As identified by Dunbar-Ortiz, all of the following are periods of genocide in US History except ____________?

King Phillip's War

The early Indigenous societies of the Western Hemisphere were built on a diet which primary featured which three plants?

Corn, Beans, Squash

On this third voyage to the new world Columbus landed in present day North Carolina.

False

Both the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Jamestown were founded by Puritans.

False

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that the first large scale forced resettlement by the English occurred when they transplanted _______________ citizens to north Ireland in the 16th century?

Scottish

If the story spun by Captain John Smith is true, what would Pocahontas' age most likely have been upon their meeting?

12 years old

Thomas King points to the constructed nature of historical narrative in his book by pointing out that the Almo Indian Massacre ____________________________?

Never happened

Dunbar-Ortiz identifies the U.S. as being formed as a covenant style republic, she considers a covenant style republic as a nation that defines itself as __________________?

Ordained by God

Dunbar-Ortiz argues which historical event is the beginning of European colonialism?

The Crusades

As a legal policy the "Doctrine of Discovery" is no longer in use.

False

Nearly a quarter million Scots-Irish immigrated from Ireland to British North America between 1717 and 1775.

True

The early Puritan settlers considered themselves to be on a mission from God in their efforts to claim land in the American Colonies.

True

What was the effect of the importation of food crops (such as corn, potatoes, and tomatoes) from the Western Hemisphere, due to the Columbian Exchange, on Europe?

Europe saw a population boom due to a plentiful, higher calorie diet

What is the best definition of the "Doctrine of Discovery?"

The method by which European explorers that once having found no Christians in a place allowed them to legally claimed the land

As identified by Dunbar-Ortiz, all of the following are periods of genocide in US History except

King Philip's War

The culture of the Mound Builders greatly influenced the Indigenous Peoples of what U.S. region?

The Southeast

Up until the 16th century, upwards of half of all slaves in Europe were of what descent?

Slavic

What is the best definition of "Terra Nullius" in plain English?

Empty Land

Dunbar-Ortiz identifies 3 sites in the Western Hemisphere where the cultivation of plants began around 8500 BCE leading to the flourishing of early civilizations. What are those 3 sites?

Central Mexico, The US Eastern Seaboard, The Pacific Northwest

According to Dunbar-Ortiz settler colonialism requires violence, or the threat of violence to attain its goals.

True

Just like other plant-based food sources, such as grains, corn can exist in the wild without the active intervention of human beings.

False

Pigs likely caused death among Indigenous Peoples in the early colonies because they ate large amounts of the Indigenous food supply.

True

The Columbian Exchange refers only to the exchange of species from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.

False

Corn was brought to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

False

Prior to European contact the Indigenous Peoples of the Eastern Seaboard survived as nomads and subsisted as hunter gathers.

False

The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) was a matrilineal society in which women had significantly more political power than their European counterparts.

True

A number of independent nation-states in the United Nations have less territory and smaller populations than some Indigenous nations of North America.

True

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that terms such as "Native American" and "First Americans" force Indigenous Peoples into the US national narratives by casting them as distant immigrants.

True

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that during the Crusades the spreading of the Christian Faith became linked to personal profit motives (i.e. Crusaders could spread the faith as a mechanism for gaining wealth).

True

Identify the early "cash crops" that were produced by the British colonies in North America and the Caribbean?

Tobacco, Sugar, and Coffee

The European narrative of settlement in the American colonies, in which the European settlers believed themselves to be predestined to settle the colonies because their mission had been ordained by a divine covenant, comes from a religious belief system called _____________________?

The type of warfare deployed by the European settlers against Indigenous Peoples, that was intended to destroy the will of enemy people or their capacity to resist, employing any means necessary but mainly by attacking civilians and their support systems, such as food supply, is called _____________________?

Under the U.S. constitution who has the authority to create treaties with Indigenous Nations?

The United States Congress

According to Dunbar-Ortiz, roughly translated the Muskogee word "ecunnaunuxulgee" translates to ____________________.

People greedily grasping after the lands of the red people

Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz suggests which colonial policy finally erased the boundary between Indigenous combatant and non-combatant?

Bounties on Indigenous scalps

Following the Doctrine of Discovery the first European claim to Georgia belongs to which nation?

Spain

Dunbar-Ortiz Identifies all of the following as tactics of genocide deployed by the European settlers against Indigenous Peoples except

While the armies of the major European powers fought one another in America during the French and Indian War, partisan bands of colonial rangers mostly engaged and destroyed Indigenous villages.

True

The first English settlers in Georgia were illegal squatters as the European land claim to Georgia was controlled by Spain.

True

European nations reserved the use of genocide and total warfare to their conflicts with Indigenous Peoples, instead maintaining a civilized code of military conduct among themselves

False

In our video by Crash Course, John Greene uses the failed colony of Roanoke Virginia to show that Jamestown was a successful colony where the first English governor found 5000 out the original 6000 colonists alive upon his arrival in 1620.

False

According to John Green early colonization efforts at Jamestown led to the death of 4 out 5 colonists.

True

Bounties on Indigenous Scalps were only paid by the colonies during wartime.

False

The consolidation of land ownership under a select few elites in the early United States helped drive the calls to invade the Ohio river valley.

True

European settlers had the legal right to sell Indigenous children into slavery.

True

After the ratification of the constitution the American frontier was a complex political landscape in which individual States and the Federal Government were competing with one another to sign treaties with Indigenous Nations.

False

The Indigenous Peoples that inhabited the land that pilgrims claimed were members of the Iroquois Confederacy.

False

Which of the "Five Civilized Tribes" was formed out of a resistance to European colonization and included members of multiple Indigenous tribes, as well as Africans that had escaped slavery?

Seminole

The traditionalist Muskogee Creek resistance fighters that opposed Andrew Jackson in eastern Tennessee in 1813 were called ___________________?

Red Sticks

Which best describes the Spanish Requerimiento?

A document that made legal claim to people

The Leatherstocking Tales, including The Last of the Mohicans was written by whom?

James Fenimore Cooper

The Spanish began their conquest of the New World in 1600, only shortly before the English and the French.

False

After the War for American Independence the new American trading monopoly caused the Choctaw and the Cherokee into debt and would eventually lead to most of their membership selling their land.

True

Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma) was land seized from the French after the French and Indian War.

False

The federal Office of Indian Affairs was originally located within the Department of War.

True

It was not Cortés, but instead the Aztec people that executed Moctezuma.

True

According to Dunbar-Ortiz, Indian Agent __________________, was most principally responsible for assimilating the lower Creek villages to Euro-American values, such as profit motive, wealth accumulation, deb, and slavery to name a few.

Benjamin Hawkins

Between 1848, when the United States claimed possession of California, and the start of the American Civil War in 1861, the population of California Indigenous Tribes would be reduced from approximately 150,000 to ______________?

30,000

According to Dunbar-Ortiz which of following is the best working definition of Social Darwinism?

That races compete like organisms do, meaning that some are better than others

At the the beginning of the Spanish invasion of California there were approximately __________________ Indigenous Peoples living in the boundaries of the State?

300,000

As a nation Mexico predates the United States.

False

Mexico outlawed slavery later than the United States.

False

California Indigenous tribes would do nothing to control the land and would instead eat only what they found around them?

False

Manifest Destiny, the belief that America was ordained by God to expand to the Pacific Ocean was used as the primary justification of the westward expansion of the United States.

True

According to Dunbar-Ortiz after the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican-American War, statehood would only be granted to states in which the settler population out numbered the Indigenous population.

True

The founders of Jamestown belonged to what faith?

The Church of England

Early 17th century England had been wracked for many years by religious wars.

True

Dunbar-Ortiz labels the United States a "covenant" state along with countries such as, Israel and _______________?

South Africa

In a covenant state the people feel that it is a duty of their faith to claim and seize the land.

True

Calvinist believed that wealth is a sin and many of them took vows of poverty.

False

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that Indigenous Peoples have been erased from the US historical record by a method Jean O'Brien calls ________________, which celebrates the notable accomplishments of the white cultural majority while permanently banishing Indigenous Peoples to the past.

Firsting and Lasting

According to Dunbar-Ortiz, which tribal nation has the largest contiguous land base?

Navajo

The Iroquois Confederacy was a matrilineal society in which women had significantly more political power than their European counterparts.

True

The Mayan ball game was the inspiration for European style Bocce Ball.

False

Corn is a cultivated plant and required the intervention of human beings to be created.

True

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that one of the most significant problems current historians of US history have is their inability to accept the colonial framework of the US nation state.

True

In discussing the technological advancement of early societies Dunbar-Ortiz compares the game management practiced by early Indigenous societies to animal domestication in the Mediterranean.

True

According to Dunbar-Ortiz disease was the primary reason for the reduction of the Indigenous Population of the Western Hemisphere from 100 Million to 10 million during the 16th and 17th centuries.

False

The legal policy that would justify European expansion into the Western Hemisphere is called _________________?

The Doctrine of Discovery

Dunbar-Ortiz identifies the U.S. as being formed as a covenant style republic, she considers a covenant style republic as __________________?

Ordained by God

Dunbar-Ortiz argues that many of the colonial methods of the British Empire (Including genocide and the outlawing of traditional songs and religions) were first deployed in Ireland in the 16th century.

True

Indigenous Peoples have been inhabiting the Western Hemisphere for longer than our ability to memorialize our presence on the land.

True

How many significant sites of agriculture existed in and around 12,000 years ago?

7

The media representation of Indigenous Peoples in United States culture inaccurately presents Indigenous Peoples as being primarily hunter-gatherers.

True

Indigenous Peoples did little or nothing to control their environment instead allowing it to grow "wild."

False

All of the following are members of the "three sisters," except ________________?

Carrots

Modern corn was bred and developed by Indigenous Peoples.

True

The civilization created by the Maya began in approximately the year 2600 Before the Common Era making it one of the oldest human cultures on earth.

True

Indigenous Peoples throughout the Mississippi river valley created large scale protected farming communities such as Cahokia, a city of roughly 10,000-20,000 people in modern day Illinois.

True

Mainstream history books often label the century following Christopher Columbus and European contact as ________________?

The Age of Discovery

A "Euro-centric" view point is best described as?

One which views historical outcomes from a European viewpoint