Hardy-Weinberg Genetics Study Guide

Central Dogma

Roadmap of how genetic information is used in a cell.

Human Chromosome Differences

Females lack a Y chromosome; males have only one X chromosome.

Allele

One of the two gene copies present in most organisms.

DNA Structure

DNA is double-stranded with thymine

RNA Structure

RNA is single-stranded with uracil.

Five Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

No mutation, no natural selection, no migration, random mating, and no genetic drift.

Mitosis Result

Results in identical daughter cells to replace worn-out tissue.

Meiosis Result

Results in four haploid gametes.

Coding DNA Strand Identification

5'-3' strand containing thymine.

Template DNA Strand Identification

3'-5' strand containing thymine.

RNA Strand Identification

5'-3' strand containing uracil.

Source of Genetic Material

Alleles inherited from each parent and grandparent.

DNA Incorporation Randomness

The probability of randomly incorporating a specific nucleotide base is $\frac{1}{4}$.

Amino Acid Incorporation Randomness

The probability of randomly incorporating a specific amino acid is 1/20

Malignant Cancer

Malignant spreads aggressively

Benign Cancer

benign is non-cancerous and localized

Euploid

Euploid has a normal chromosome set

Aneuploid

aneuploid has an abnormal number.

Human Chromosome Count

Humans have 46 chromosomes across 23 pairs.

Chromosome Structures

Eukaryotic/prokaryotic structures including centromeres, telomeres, p arms, and q arms.

Trisomy Diseases

Down syndrome (21), Edwards syndrome (18), and Patau syndrome (13).

Charged tRNA Function

Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

SSR Markers Use

Used for CODIS, pedigrees, and a few linked diseases.

SNPs Use

Used for diagnosis, with some serving as accurate disease predictors.

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Affected individuals must have carrier parents and pass recessive alleles.

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Affected individuals must have an affected parent, often with delayed onset.

Multifactorial Trait

Trait affected by multiple genes and the environment, indicated numerically.

Heritability

The genetic component of quantitative and multifactorial traits.

Mendel's F1 and F2 Generations

Offspring generations resulting from controlled pea plant crosses.

SSR/Microsatellites Representation

Represented by numbers indicating the exact count of repeats.

Heterosis

Hybrid vigor where offspring outperform both parents.

Lethal Alleles

Alleles that cause the death of the organism, usually when homozygous.

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both homozygous parent phenotypes.

Huntington's Disease Cause

Genetic mutation causing abnormal protein accumulation in the brain.

Somatic vs Germ Cell Mutation

Somatic mutations affect the individual; germ cell mutations are heritable.

Genetic Bottlenecks

Events that drastically reduce population size and genetic variation.

Intron vs Exon Mutations

Exon mutations are generally more dangerous than intron mutations.

Fecundity

reproductive potential

Fertility

actual reproductive output.

Wild Type Allele

The standard, most common allele found in a natural population.

Micro Evolution

Micro is small-scale allele changes

Macro-Evolution

macro is large-scale species-level changes.