Proteins - exam 2

Elemental units of amino acids

Dipeptides - 2 amino acids, Tripeptides - 3 amino acids, polypeptides - more than 3 amino acids

Essential amino acids

9, humans cannot make at all or not in sufficient amounts, must be supplied by diet

Non-essential amino acids

11, body can synthesize them for themselves

Conditionally essential amino acids

Normally made by the body, but may need to be obtained from food during certain circumstances, infancy, illness, and inborn error in metabolism

Identify the essential amino acids

Histamine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

Identify the conditionally essential amino acids

Arginine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine

Structure of proteins

Building blocks for most body structures, collagen (hair, skin, nails), replacement for dead or damaged cells, most muscle cells

Enzymes for protein

Speed up chemical reactions in living cells without being consumed in the process

Hormones in proteins

Messengers that help regulate the various systems and functions of the body, made of lipids or proteins (insulin, glucagon, t4,PTH)

Fluid balance in proteins

In blood maintain optimal balance between the fluids inside and outside cells and blood vessels (homeostasis)

Albumin

Most abundant protein in blood, helps protein concentration of blood remain similar to that of cells

Edema

swelling due to an excess of fluid in tissues, develops when albumin is low

What is edema caused by

excessive protein losses caused by inflammation and critical illnesses, inadequate protein synthesis cause by liver disease, inadequate dietary intake of protein

Transport for protein

moves substances across cell walls via pumps, sodium-potassium pump

Ferroprotein

transporter of iron into intestinal cell

Ferritin

iron transport in blood

Acid base balance in proteins

constantly produced through body’s process, by-products of body’s metabolic processes, Excreted (lungs or kidneys)

Immune function for proteins

Forms body’s first barriers against immune invaders, skin, mucus, present in the respiratory system and intestine

Energy in proteins

Production is least efficient function, has no major storage form for immediate use, uses as a last resort

Process of protein turnover in the body

The body’s continuous natural process of breaking down old or damaged proteins and replacing them with newly built ones

Dietary sources of complete proteins

Animal derived proteins, fish, seafood, dairy, eggs, meat, poultry - provide all essential amino acids in adequate amounts

Dietary sources of incomplete proteins

Plant foods, soy, seeds, nutritional yeast - do not provide all essential amino acids

RDA for proteins

0.8 kg of body weight per day

EAR for proteins

0.66 g/kg of body weight per day

AMDR for proteins

10-35% of daily calories should come from protein

Individuals who may need additional protein

Vegetarians, highly active, underweight

Vegan diet

omit all animal products from their diet (including dairy and eggs)

Lacto diet

includes dairy but limits all other animal food

Lacto-ovo diet

includes dairy and eggs, limits all other animal food

Pesco diet

includes fish but limits all other animal products

Flexo/semi diet

occasionally eat meat and seafood, follows vegetarian lifestyle

Health benefits of vegetarian diet

Decrease risk in heart disease, decrease rates of obesity

Potential nutrient deficiencies of vegetarian diet

Protein, iron, zinc, calcium/vitamin D, vitamin b12, iodine

Potential energy malnutrition

Disorder that occurs with inadequate protein intake and/or energy consumption

Marasmus

Condition of starvation characterized by emancipation or skeletal appearance

Kwashiorkor

Characterized by swollen appearance, especially in abdomen, low protein intake

Negative effects of too much dietary protein

Evidence is uncertain on the true effects (bone loss, kidney stones, and/or cancer) does support adequate protein intake and not only consuming protein