Biology 20-1 Unit D: Macromolecules and Biochemistry

Buffers

Solutions that maintain the required pH

Neutralization

The process of bringing a solution pH to 7

4 essential macromolecules

Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acid

Organic Molecules

Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms

Inorganic molecules

Compounds without carbon that are found in living organisms

Metabolism

The complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions occuring in living organisms

Anabolism

Polymers are broken apart through hydrolysis

Catabolism

Monomers are joined together through condensation reactions

Example of anabolism

Photosynthesis

Example of Catabolism

Cellular Respiration

Carbohydrates

Made up of combinations of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, and either a monomer or a polymer

Monomer

Single sugar

Polymer

Many bonded sugars

Categories of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Function of Monosaccharides

Energy source

Examples of Monosaccharides

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Isomers

Molecules that contain the same chemical formula, but have different arrangements

Disaccharides

double sugar units with a glycosidic bond, made as a result from two monosaccharides

Function of Diaccharides

Transport form

Examples of Disaccharides

Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

Glucose fructose

sucrose

Polysaccharides

Polymers of carbohydrates made from the condensation reaction of 3 or more monosaccharides

Function of Polysaccharides

Storage form

Examples of Polysaccharides

Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch

Condensation reaction

The removal of H2O to build molecules

Starch

A plant storage polysaccharide made from 1000 or more glucose units

Forms of starch grains

Amylose and Amylopectin

Function of Starch

Stored and used as energy later on

Glycogen

An animal storage polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscle cells. It is branched every 8-12 glucose, and its branched sections contain more glucose than a starch molecule.

Cellulose

A plant structure and storage polysaccharide made from chains of glucose that are attached together by hydrogen bonds

Roughage or fibre

The result of when some mammals eat cellulose and their bodies can’t break it down

Example of condensation reaction

Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water

Hydrolysis

Maltose + Water → Glucose + Glucose

Number of glycosidic bonds

Number of monomers minus 1

Source, Subunit, Bonds, Branches of Cellulose

Plant, beta glucose, 1-4, No

Source, Subunit, Bonds, Branches of Amylose

Plant, alpha glucose, 1-4, No

Source, Subunit, Bonds, Branches of Amylopectin

Plant, alpha glucose, 1-4 and 1-6, Every 30 subunits

Source, Subunit, Bonds, Branches of Glycogen

Animal, alpha glucose, 1-4 and 1-6, Every 8-12 subunits

Function of Alpha Glucose C6H12O6

An energy molecule (ATP) used to build starch and glycogen

Function of Beta Glucose C6H12O6

An energy molecule (ATP) used to build cellulose

Function of D Ribose C5H10O5

RNA, used to make part of genetic material

Function of Deoxyribose C5H10O4

A component of DNA

Function of Maltose C12H22O11

An intermediate in the digestion of starch

Function of Sucrose C12H22O11

A source of energy commonly used as a sweetener

Function of Lactose C12H22O11

A energy providing nutrient produced by lactating mammals

Function of Amylose

Causes a slow increase in blood sugar, and is hard for humans to digest

Examples of Amylose

Corn, long grain rice

Function of Amylopectin

Easier for humans to digest, and causes fast increase in blood sugar

Function of Cellulose

Stored in Plant cell walls