relationship between stages

What is the relationship between respiration stages?

Each stage supplies molecules needed by later stages.

What happens if glycolysis is blocked?

Less pyruvate, NADH, and ATP are produced, reducing the fuel available to later stages.

What is the effect of blocking pyruvate oxidation?

Less acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle.

What occurs if the citric acid cycle is blocked?

Less NADH and FADH2 are made for the electron transport chain.

What happens if the electron transport chain stops?

NADH and FADH2 cannot be efficiently recycled to NAD+ and FAD, slowing earlier stages that need these carriers.

What is the consequence of unavailable oxygen?

The electron transport chain cannot pass electrons to its final acceptor, so oxidative phosphorylation stops.

Why must NAD+ be regenerated?

Glycolysis and other reactions need NAD+ to accept electrons and continue.

Why must FAD be regenerated?

The citric acid cycle needs FAD to accept electrons during oxidation reactions.

Why is the proton gradient important?

It stores energy that can be used by ATP synthase to make ATP.