Cell Organelles, Cell Theory & Plant vs. Animal Cells

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell that convert energy from organic matter into ATP.

Unique feature of mitochondria

Mitochondria possess their own DNA, allowing them to reproduce independently of the cell.

Endosymbiotic theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells incorporated into eukaryotic cells.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, housing and protecting genetic information (DNA).

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus responsible for ribosome production.

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane of two phospholipid bilayers that provides a barrier and regulates material exchange through nuclear pores.

Plasma membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that provides structural integrity and regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Fluid mosaic model

A model describing the membrane as dynamic, where lipids and proteins can move laterally within the layer.

Ribosomes

Small, spherical organelles made of protein and RNA, essential for protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized and processed.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Golgi apparatus

A series of flattened sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids received from the ER.

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures extending from the cell surface that aid in movement and fluid transport.

Flagella

Longer, whip-like structures, typically fewer in number, that propel the cell forward.

Chloroplasts

Double-membrane organelles found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment within chloroplasts that allows absorption of light energy.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down large molecules and recycle cellular components.

Peroxisomes

Organelles containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.

Cell wall

A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides structural support and protection in plant cells.

Central vacuole

A large organelle in plant cells that stores water, enzymes, and waste, occupying up to 90% of the cell's volume.

Plastids

Organelles in plant cells used for photosynthesis and storage of starches.

Centrioles

Paired structures in animal cells that play a role in cell division and organization of the mitotic spindle.

Cell theory

The principle that all living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life.

Cell division principle

The principle that new cells arise from existing cells through cell division, ensuring continuity of life.