PAT 401 Week 8: Conditions

Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)

Formation of solid crystals or stones from minerals, salts, or proteins in the urinary tract. Stones develop when urine becomes supersaturated, causing crystals to form and grow. They can obstruct urine flow.

Calcium Oxalate Stones

A type of kidney stone formed from calcium and oxalate crystals that precipitate in urine. Part of the most common group of kidney stones.

Calcium Phosphate Stones

A type of kidney stone formed from calcium phosphate crystals, particularly when urine is alkaline.

Struvite Stones

Kidney stones composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. They are associated with urinary infections caused by bacteria that break down urea.

Uric Acid Stones

Kidney stones formed when uric acid crystallizes in the urine. Acidic urine increases the risk of these stones.

Cystine Stones

Kidney stones associated with an inherited disorder of amino acid transport called cystinuria, causing excess cystine to accumulate and crystallize in urine.

Staghorn Calculi

Large branching kidney stones that occupy and fill the major and minor renal calyces.

Non-Staghorn Calculi

Smaller kidney stones of variable size located within the renal calyces, renal pelvis, or along the ureter.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection and inflammation of the urinary tract, commonly caused by bacteria from intestinal flora entering the urethra and ascending into the bladder or upper urinary tract.

Acute Pyelonephritis

An acute infection and inflammation of the upper urinary tract involving the renal pelvis, calyces, and kidney tissue. Usually occurs when bacteria ascend from the lower urinary tract, causing renal inflammation and edema.

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli, commonly caused by immune responses that damage the glomerular filtration membrane, increase its permeability, and reduce the glomerular filtration rate.

Primary Glomerular Injury

Damage to the glomeruli caused directly by conditions such as infection, immune responses, ischemia, drugs, toxins, or vascular disorders.

Secondary Glomerular Injury

Damage to the glomeruli resulting from an underlying systemic disease, such as diabetes, hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, or HIV-related kidney disease.

Immune-Mediated Glomerular Injury

Damage to the glomeruli caused by immune complexes or antibodies that trigger complement activation, recruit inflammatory cells, and injure the glomerular filtration membrane.

Nonimmune Glomerular Injury

Damage to the glomeruli caused by mechanisms other than immune-complex inflammation, including ischemia, toxins, medications, metabolic disorders, and vascular disease.

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

A severe form of glomerulonephritis associated with crescent formation in Bowman's space, compression of glomerular capillaries, and a rapid decline in kidney filtration.

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

An immune-mediated inflammation of the glomeruli that develops after infection with certain strains of Streptococcus. The immune response damages the glomerular filtration membrane and reduces kidney function.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy

A glomerular disorder caused by deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomerular mesangium, activating complement and triggering inflammation and kidney injury.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A glomerular disorder characterized by increased permeability of the filtration barrier, allowing excessive protein to leak into urine and reducing blood albumin levels.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

A disorder involving damage to the glomerular blood vessels, causing platelet and fibrin clots that reduce kidney filtration. Passing red blood cells are damaged, resulting in hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.

Diarrhea-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (D+ HUS)

A form of hemolytic uremic syndrome commonly associated with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infection. The toxin damages glomerular endothelial cells, causing platelet aggregation, fibrin clots, hemolysis, and impaired kidney filtration.

Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (D− HUS)

A less common form of hemolytic uremic syndrome that generally occurs without preceding diarrhea. It may result from inherited abnormalities in complement regulation or other non-diarrheal triggers, causing injury to small renal blood vessels.