Pharm exam 1 part 2

what does pharmacokinetics mean

what the body does to a medication

what are the four pharmacokinetics steps

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

what does absorption mean in pharmacokinetics

when the medication moves from where it was administered into the bloodstream

what does distribution mean in pharmacokinetics

the bloodstream carries the medication to its target organs and tissues

what does metabolism mean in pharmacokinetics

the body chemically changes the medication

what does excretion mean in pharmacokinetics

removing the medication and its metabolites from the body

what does first-pass effect mean

when an oral medication travels directly to the liver, and changes therefore less potent getting to the bloodstream

How does the first-pass effect affect medication dosing and routes?

Oral doses may be higher because part is metabolized

what does Bioavailability mean

the percentage of a medication dose that reaches systemic circulation in an active form

what does half life mean

time required for the amount of medication in the body to decrease by 50%

what Factors affect medication metabolism

Genetics, age, liver/kidney function, and concurrent medications

whats the role of enzymes in medication metabolism

Enzymes process and chemically change medications so the body can use them or remove them.

what does renal mean

kidneys

what does poor kidneys equal too

medication stays for longer

what does urine ph mean

whether urine is acidic or alkaline/basic

when does medical interaction occur

occurs when one drug, food, drink, herb, or supplement changes the effect of another medication

what does pharmacodynamics mean

what the medication does to the body

what does tolerance mean

when the body responds less to the same dose after repeated use

what does physical dependency mean

whenthe body has adapted to having the medication present

what does withdrawal mean

symptoms that occur when a medication the body has adapted to is stopped suddenly or reduced too quickly

what does partial agonist mean

activates the receptor but only produces a weak, small response compared to a full agonist

what does concentration mean

how much drug reaches the locks.

what does affinity mean

how strongly a medication is attracted to and binds to a particular receptor

what does selectivity mean

medication affects one receptor more than other receptor types at usual doses

What is a pharmacokinetic drug interaction?

One drug changes another drug’s ADME, changing how much drug is available in the body

What is a pharmacodynamic drug interaction?

Two medications’ effects combine or oppose each other without changing their concentrations

What are the three pharmacodynamic interaction outcomes?

Additive, Synergistic, Antagonistic

what does the pharmacodynamic additive interaction mean

effects combine

what does the pharmacodynamic synergistic interaction mean

effect becomes greater than expected

what does the pharmacodynamic antagonistic interaction mean

one drug reduces or opposes the other

What is the therapeutic range?

The drug level that is high enough to produce the desired effect but low enough to avoid toxicity

What should the nurse monitor to minimize adverse effects?

Symptoms, vital signs, laboratory results, medication levels, therapeutic response, and signs of toxicity

Which is safer: a wide or narrow therapeutic index?

A wide therapeutic index because the toxic dose is much higher than the effective dose

what does OTC medication mean

over the counter

what is the nurses role about otc medications

Ask about all OTC drugs, prescriptions, vitamins and herbal products

what does analgesics mean

pain-relieving medications

what type of otc medicaiton is ibrupofen

analgesics

what type of otc medicaiton is Tylenol

analgesics

whats does NSAIDS work on

pain, fever, inflammation

what does Acetaminophen work for

pain, fever, but not much anti-inflammatory effect

major dangers of acetaminophen

liver toxicity

major dangers of NSAIDs

gi bleeding, and kidney injury

major dangers of opioids

respiratory depression

what are antacid

they neutralize acid already inside the stomach and they work quick

Major adverse effects of magnesium and aluminum antacids?

Magnesium causes diarrhea and aluminum causes constipation

Why separate antacids from other medications?

Antacids may decrease or change the absorption of other drugs

what do proton pump inhibitors do

they turn down the stomach’s acid producing pumps

whats the difference b between antacids and ppi

Antacids neutralizes acid that is already present, while PPI prevents the stomach from producing as much acid

when should you intake ppi medication

before eating

what are laxative for

Treat constipation by helping stool move through the intestines

what are Antidiarrheals

Decrease diarrhea or slow intestinal movement

What is the priority for a client with diarrhea?

Replace fluids and electrolytes and determine the cause before using an antidiarrheal

what are Antihistamines

to relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.

What harmless effect can bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) cause?

Temporary blackening of the tongue and stool.

What teaching is required for diphenhydramine?

Avoid alcohol and other sedatives, and do not drive until its effects are known

What medication is the priority for anaphylaxis?

epinephrine

what are nasal steroid for

Decrease inflammation and swelling inside the nose caused by allergies

how often should u use nasal steroid for

consistently every day

what are cough suppressants for

Suppress the cough reflex

what are cough expectorants for

Thins and loosens mucus so the client can cough it out more easily

whats emollients for

Used for dry, cracked, or irritated skin

what are topical corticosteroids

They reduce skin inflammation, redness, and itching from conditions such as dermatitis, eczema…

whats the difference between Emollient and topical corticosteroid?

An emollient moisturizes, a topical corticosteroid decreases inflammation and itching

Why check the Drug Facts label?

To identify the active ingredient, purpose, warnings, directions, maximum dose, and possible duplicate ingredients

Incomplete prescription vs. prescribing distortion?

Incomplete prescription means information is missing, prescribing distortion means information was misread, misunderstood, or changed during communication

What is root cause analysis (RCA)?

A structured investigation that identifies underlying factors contributing to an error and creates changes to prevent recurrence

What is the first step in client medication education?

Assess the client’s current knowledge, readiness, abilities, learning needs, and barriers

What are the four steps of client education?

Assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation.

What is teach-back?

The client explains the information in their own words so the nurse can evaluate understanding.

What is return demonstration?

The client performs a skill to demonstrate correct technique.

Active versus passive learning?

Passive learning receives information, active learning requires participation

what is CDER

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

what is the purpose of CDER

it is the FDA center responsible for evaluating and regulating medications.

What is a pharmacological class

A pharmacological class is a group of medications that share something