COAL Lesson 2

Central processing unit

Also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program.

CPU

performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program.

1955

The computer industry used the term “central processing unit” as early as

November 15, 1971

Intel placed an advertisement for the first single-chip CPU, the Intel 4004.

Intel 4004

The first single-chip CPU. It was a 4-bit, 16-pin microprocessor that operated at a mighty 740KHz.

92,600 instructions per second

That means the chip was capable of executing up to (blank)

Transistor CPUs

was developed during the 1950s and 1960s.

Transistor CPUs

With this improvement, more complex and reliable CPUs were built onto one or several printed circuit boards containing discrete (individual) components.

IBM System/360

In 1964, IBM introduced its ———- computer architecture that was used in a series of computers capable of running the same programs with different speed and performance.

Small-scale integration (SSI)

In 1962, During this period, a method of manufacturing many interconnected transistors in a compact space was developed.

Integrated circuit (IC)

allowed a large number of transistors to be manufactured on a single semiconductor-based die, or “chip”.

Medium-scale integration (MSI)

The next step in the development of integrated circuits introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called

MOSFET

By 1964, ———- chips had reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar chips.

MOSFET

metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor

Ball Grid Array (BGA)

This type of processor pin array doesn’t actually have pins at all. Instead, it features an array of small metal balls which are soldered in place. These are common on small devices such as phones and thin laptops.

Pin Grid Array (PGA)

This refers to a pin array that’s physically located on the processor itself. The pins on the processor are then lined up with holes on the motherboard, and the processor pins are inserted into these holes.

Land Grid Array (LGA)

features pins that are attached to the motherboard itself. These pins line up with holes on the processor, and the processor is fitted onto the motherboard’s pins.

Pin Processor

holds the pins at its base which blends into the motherboard. They were used earlier; they had pins about 5 mm long.

Pin-less Processor

has a flat base with no pins. It has 297 extra joints to the motherboard. These unique connectors completely rest on top of their identical pads on the motherboard and are kept in position by a spring-loaded clip

Single core

can only start one task at a time, so multitasking wasn’t very successful. This means that only one operation could be started at a time, another could be triggered before the first one was done but the machine would run more slowly with every new operation.

Dual core

has two main CPUs and therefore operates like two single CPUs. It can perform several tasks more effectively if more than one operation is performed.