APES Friedland Chapter 7

Demography

the study of human populations and population trends

Demographers

scientists in the field of demography

Immigration

the movement of people into a country or region, having come from another country or region

Emigration

the movement of people out of a country or region, to settle in another country or region

Crude Birth Rate

the number of births per 1000 individuals per year

Crude Death Rate

the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

Replacement-Level Fertility

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

Developed Countries

countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income

Developing Countries

countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income

Life Expectancy

the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

Child Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births

Age Structure Diagrams

diagrams that show the numbers of individuals within each age category, typically expressed for males and females separately

Population Pyramid

an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries

Population Momentum

continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures

Demographic Transition

the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

Family Planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Affluence

the state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of money, goods, or property

IPAT Equation

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

Urban Area

an area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1000 people per square mile)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

a measure of the value of all products and services produced in a country in a year

doubling time

the number of years it takes for a population to double

rule of 70

doubling time in years=70/ growth rate in %

net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a giver year per 1000 people

phase 1: pre modern

a phase when slow population growth, population is at a nearly steady state, before a country has modernized, CBR=CDR

phase 2: early expanding

a phase when there is rapid population growth, as a country modernizes, population momentum, CBR is greater than CDR

phase 3: late expanding

a phase when the population begins to stabilize, increasing urbanization, almost developed

phase 4: post-industrial

the phase when there is stable population growth, a larger amount of the population is elderly, developed countries, CDR higher than CBR

phase 5: declining

CBR