Microbiology Unit 2 (infectious microbes)

Propionibacterium acnes

Bacteria - Acne

—>Extracellular pathogen

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacteria - Acne

—> Extracellular pathogen

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Bacteria - Skin toxic-shock syndrome and resistant skin infections

—> Extracellular pathogen

Vibrio cholerae

Bacteria - water-borne infections and Cholera

—>Extracellular pathogen

Haemophilus influenzae

Bacteria - Airborne respiratory and ear infections (otitis media)

—>Extracellular pathogen

Listeria monocytogenes

Bacteria - Listeriosis (foodborne-illness in deli meats and soft cheeses; uses actin “comet tails” for cell-to cell spread), causes spontaneous abortion in pregnant women, meningitis, and sepsis

—> Intracellular pathogen

—>Direct cell-to-cell movement

—> Gram positive

—> Psychrophile

Brucella abortus

Bacteria - Brucellosis (food-borne, primarily infects livestock) causes spontaneous abortion

—> Intracellular pathogen

Salmonella enterica

Bacteria - Salmonella/food poisoning and Typhoid fever. Induces inflammatory diarrhea

—> Intracellular pathogen

Shigella flexneri

Bacteria - Shigellosis/bacillary dysentery, bloody diarrhea

—>Intracellular pathogen

—> Produces pore-forming toxins to escape phagocytes into the cytoskeleton

—>Uses actin-based motility for cell-to-cell spreas

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacteria - Tuberculosis

—>Intracellular pathogen

Coxiella

Bacteria - Q-fever (respiratory)

—>Intracellular pathogen

—>Exists as infectious Small Cell Variants (SCVs) and metabolically active Large Cell Variants (LCVs)

Chlamydia species

Bacteria - Chlamydia (STD)

—>Obligate Intracellular STI

—> Alternates between infectious, metabolically inactive Elementary Bodies (EBs) and noninfectious, metabolically active Reticulate Bodies (RBs)

Treponema pallidum

Bacteria - Syphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Bacteria - Lyme Disease

Candida albicans

Yeast - Part of our normal microbiota, but can cause opportunistic infections such as oral thrush, genitalia vaginitis, and systemic candidiasis

—> Phenotypic switching

Candida Auris

Yeast - Severe, multidrug resistant candidiasis, frequently misidentified as C.albicans, emerging global health threat

Histoplasma capsulatum

Yeast- Histoplasmosis

—> Yeast forms at 37 C

—> Common in the Midwest USA

—> From bird/bat droppings

—> Mostly impacts immunocompromised individuals

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Yeast - opportunistic fungal infection that causes pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised/AIDS patients

—> Forms cysts during its sexual cycle that are difficult to clear

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Yeast - Blastomycosis —> Causes skin and bone lesions, ARDS lung disease

—> Common in Midwest USA

—> Yeast forms at 37 C in lungs

Coccidioidea immitis

Yeast - Coccidioidomycosis/Valley fever

—>In lungs the spores swell into cyst-like form that fragments into endospores that are released into environment

Trichophyton rubrum

Yeast- Athletes’s foot, jock itch, ringworm

—> Common sports or gym ailments

Cryptococcus neoformans

Encapsulated yeast

—>Common from pigeon droppings and urban soil

—>Airborne spores

—>Immunocompromised patients have invasive lung and brain infections (meningitis)

Entamoeba histolytica

Parasitic protozoan: dysentery, liver abscesses

—>Amoeba

Acanthamoeba species

Parasitic protozoan: eye infections

—>Amoeba

Naegleria fowleri

Parasitic protozoan: encephalitis

—>Amoeba

Giardia intestinalis

Parasitic protozoan: diarrhea

—> cyst in the environment

—> problem with hikers drinking from untreated water sources

—>Flagellate

Trichomonas vaginalis

Parasitic protozoan:vaginitis, problematic STD

—>Has no cyst form

—>Flagel

Trypanosoma brucei

Parasitic protozoan: African sleeping sickness

—>Vector-borne parasite transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly

—>Invasive flagellate with membrane-sheathed flagella

Trypanosoma cruzi

Parasitic protozoan: Chagas disease, bed bugs

—>problem for many cities and socioeconomically challenged areas

—>Transmitted via triatomine bug (bedbug) feces entering bite wounds

—>Invasive flagellate with membrane-sheathed flagella

Leishmania species

Parasitic protozoan: Leischmaniasis

—> vector-borne parasites transmitted by sandflies

—>Problem with soldiers returning from Middle East conflicts

—> Unsheathed flagella

Cryptosporidium parvum

Parasitic protozoan: Cryptosporidiosis, diarrhea

—>Apicomplexan

—> Invasive, localized

—> Life cycle within one host including infective cysts (oocysts)

—> problem for outdoor water sports (water-borne)

Toxoplasma gondii

Parasitic protozoan: Toxoplasmosis, flu-like illness, tissue cysts/oocysts, congenital defects

—>Apicomplexa

—>Sexual cycle in cats, transmitted via feces

—>Problem for pregnant women with cats as pets

Plasmodium falciparum

Parasitic protozoan: Malaria

—> Apicomplexa

—>Invasive, insect vector-borne

—> Transmitted by mosquitos

—> Cycling fever occurs every 48-72 hours due to lysis of red blood cells

Poxviruses

Virus: Smallpox

—>dsDNA virus

Herpes simplex

Virus: Herpes

—>Coldsores and genital herpes

—>Establish permanent latent infections in host nerve cells

—> dsDNA virus

Varicella-zoster

Virus: Chickenpox and shingles (reactivation)

—>Establish permanent latent infections in host nerve cells

—>dsDNA virus

Papillomavirus

Virus: Warts

—>dsDNA virus

—>infect epithelial cells (skin)

Adenovirus

Virus: Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) and common cold

—>dsDNA virus

—>non-enveloped

Hepadnavirus

Virus: Hepatitis B, causes chronic liver disease

—> partially dsDNA virus

—>enveloped DNA

Coronavirus

Virus: COVID19/severe actor respiratory syndrome

—>+ssRNA virus

—>Enveloped

Rhinovirus

Virus: common cold/rhinitis

—>+ssRNA

—> non-enveloped

Poliovirus

Virus: Poliomyelitis, polio, causes neuromuscular paralysis

—>+ssRNA virus

—>Non-enveloped

Norovirus

Virus: Viral gastroenteritis, causes acute vomiting/diarrhea outbreaks

—>+ssRNA virus

—>Non-enveloped

Flaviviruses

Virus: Zika (congenital microcephaly) , West Nile, Dengue/Yellow Fever (hemorrhagic fevers), Hepatitis C

—>Mosquito-borne fevers, encephalitis, and hepatitis C

—>+ssRNA virus

Ebola vius

Virus: Ebola/hemorrhagic fever, causes sever internal/external bleeding

—>-ssRNA virus

Influenza A virus

Virus: Influenza (flu)

—>-ssRNA virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Virus: targets immune cells leading to clinical latency and AIDS

—>+ssRNA retrovirus

—> permanently integrates into host chromosomes as a provirus

Rotavirus

Virus: Infantile gastroenteritis/severe diarrhea

—>dsRNA virus with double layered capsid

—>+ssRNA